VALED FT

• Religions and belief systems


  Important parts of culture around the world
• Religion


  A set of beliefs and practices that is often focused on one or more deities, or gods
• Types of religion


  • Monotheistic
  • Polytheistic
• Monotheistic


  Beliefs in ONE DEITY
• Monotheistic religions


  • Christianity
  • Islam
  • Judaism
• Polytheistic


  Have MANY DEITIES
• Polytheistic religion


  • Hinduism
• Common elements of religions

  • Have a SET of BASIC BELIEFS
  • Scriptures (sacred texts) that communicate the beliefs of a religion
• Scriptures of religions


  • Bible-Christianity
  • Koran-Islam
  • Torah-Judaism
• Spread of religions


  • By TRADE and MIGRATION
  • Also by MISSIONARIES
• Buddhism


  • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha
  • Followers: 4 million
  • Basic Beliefs: People reach enlightenment, or wisdom, by following the Eightfold Path and understanding the Four Noble Truths

  
• Four Noble Truths of Buddhism


  • Life has inevitable suffering
  • There is a cause to our suffering
  • There is an end to suffering
  • The end to suffering is contained in the eightfold path

  
• Hinduism


  • Founder: Unknown
  • Followers: 860 million
  • Basic Beliefs: Souls continue to REBORN. The cycle of rebirth ends only when the soul achieves enlightenment, or freedom from earthly desires
• Karma


  Results from our past and present actions and those we will perform
• Dharma


  Righteousness, a moral code of living
• Christianity


  • Founder: Jesus of Nazareth
  • Followers: 2.3 billion
  • Basic Beliefs: There is ONE GOD, and Jesus is the only Son of God. Jesus was crucified but was resurrected. Followers reach salvation by following the teachings of Jesus
• Islam


  • Founder: The Prophet Muhammad
  • Followers: 1.6 billion
  • Basic Beliefs: There is ONE GOD. Followers must know the Five Pillars of Islam in order to achieve salvation
• Five Pillars of Islam

  • Shahada (Faith)
  • Salah (Prayer)
  • Sawn (Fasting)
  • Zakat (Almsgiving)
  • Hajj (Pilgrimage)
• Judaism


  • Founder: Abraham
  • Followers: 15 million
  • Basic Beliefs: There is one God. People serve God by living according to his teachings. God handed down the Ten Commandments to guide human behavior
• The 10 Commandments


  • You shall have no other gods before Me
  • You shall not make idols
  • You shall not take the name of the Lord in God in vain
  • Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy
  • Honor your father and your mother
  • You shall not murder
  • You shall not commit adultery
  • You shall not steal
  • You shall not bear false witness against you neighbor
  • You shall not covet
• Health


  Soundness of body; that condition in which its functions are duly and efficiently discharged
• Health


  Normality, which is disrupted by any physiological, biochemical, or psychological deviance
• WHO declared in the year 1948: "health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
• Illness


  The subjective experience of ill health
• Disease


  The medically defined pathology
• Sickness


  The social role of those defined as diseased or ill
• Sick role


  Refers to the set of rights and obligations that surround illness and shape the behaviour of doctors and patients
• Things that influence health

  • Nature and biology
  • Lifestyle factors
  • Environmental factors
• Sociological approaches


  • Biological/genetic factors are always shaped by the social circumstances
  • Poverty creates illness rather than sick people become poor
  • Unhealthy 'lifestyles' are shaped by economic and social circumstances
• Professional/patient relationship


  • Medical knowledge is not just 'scientific facts'
  • It develops in relation to wider society
  • The power relationship between health professionals and 'patients' impacts on individuals health
• Sick role


  One of the earliest concepts in medical sociology was PARSON'S IDEA of the SICK ROLE
• Sick role


  For Parsons, being sick is not just a biological condition but also a social role
• Rights and duties of the sick role (according to Parsons)

  • You can be excused to normal duties
  • You are not responsible for your 'deviance'
  • You must want and try to get well
  • You must seek and accept professional health
• Theories of illness


  • Mystical causes
  • Personalistic causes
  • Natural causes
• Mystical causes


  Are often attributed to experiences or behaviors such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligation. Some believe that the soul goes out from the body and wanders, a phenomenon known as bangungot, or that having nightmares after a heavy meal may result in death
• Personalistic causes


  Are associated with social punishment or retribution from supernatural forces such as evil spirit, witch (manga ga mud) or sorcerer (mangkukulam). The forces cast these spells on people if they are jealous or feel disliked. Witch doctors (herbularyo) or priests are asked to counteract and cast out these evil forces through the use of prayers, incantations, medicinal herbs and plants. For protection, the healer may recommend using holy oils, or wearing religious objects, amulets or talismans (anting anting)
• Natural causes


  Includes a host of factors ranging from natural forces (thunder, lightning, drafts, etc.) to excessive stress, food and drug incompatibility, infection, or familial susceptibility