specific heat capacity + latent heat of vaporisation
give 3 examples of the importance of water in hydrolysis + condensation
condensation of beta glucose to make cellulose
condensation of amino acids into proteins
hydrolysis of starch into alpha glucose
outline condensation of beta glucose into cellulose as an importance of hydrolysis + condensation in water
cellulose cell walls exerts pressure against water inside cell to maintain rigidity/turgidity and prevent bursting.
turgidity in palisade mesophyll cells increases surface area for photosythesis.
outline condensation of amino acids into proteins as an importance of hydrolysis + condensation in water
enzymes e.g. dnapolymerase catalyses synthesis of dna needed for growth and repair
receptors e.g. insulin receptors cause glucose channels to open so glucose can be taken into muscle cells for respiration
outline hydrolysis of starch into alpha glucose as an importance of hydrolysis + condensation in water
used in glycolysis (aerobic and anaerobic) to make atp which is needed for:
active transport in glucoseabsorption from blood to the gut
loading sugars into the phloem
outline the importance of water in transpiration
water moves into the root by osmosis and is pulled into the transpiration stream due to cohesion tension theory and hydrogen bonds. it travels up the xylem and is released from the stomata.
water leaving allows CO2 to enter which is needed for photosythesis
water evaporating maintains stable temperature conditions needed for enzymes
outline the importance of water in translocation
mass flow hypothesis states that during translocation sugars and nutrients are dissolved in water and transported to the sinks in the roots. this is important because roots cannot photosythesis so need carbohydrates for respiration for atp synthesis for growth.
outline the importance of water in photosynthesis
light energy from the sun causes photolysis of water into hydrogen ions, oxygen, and electrons. the electrons are used to replace those lost during ionisation and excitation in the chlorophyll. electrons travel down the ETC which releases small amounts of energy used to pump H+ against the conc gradient from stroma to thylakoid. this creates an electrochemical gradient so H+ can diffuse through atp synthase.
atp is needed as energy cant be directly obtained from glucose.
atp is used for muscle contraction and active transport.
outline high specific heat capacity and latent heat of vaporisation as an importance of water
SHC means it requires lots of energy to heat one KG by one degree which allows organisms to maintain optimum temperatures for enzymes and earth to be habitable.
LHV means a large amount of heat is required to evaporate a small amount of water which allows organisms to regulate body temp without loosing too much water.
if temp is too high enzymes will denature
outline solvent as an importance of water
due to its polarity it can dissolve polar biological molecules which could not transport themselves due to electric charge e.g. NaCl