b

• Metabolism


  Sum total of all the biochemical

  reactions that take place in a living organism.
• Catabolism.


  Large biochemical molecules are

  broken down to smaller ones (release energy).
• Anabolism.


  Small biochemical molecules are

  joined together to form larger ones (require

  energy).
• Metabolic Pathway.


  Series of consecutive

  biochemical reactions used to convert a starting

  material into an end product.
• Linear metabolic pathway


  generates a final product
• Cyclic metabolic pathway


  regenerates the first reactant
• Prokaryotic cells


  No nucleus and are found only in bacteria.
• Eukaryotic cells


  DNA is found in a membrane enclosed nucleus
• Cytosol


  Water-based fluid part of the cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes


  Site of protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes


  Contains hydrolytic enzymes

  needed for cellular rebuilding, repair, and

  degradation.
• outer membrane


  50% lipid, 50% protein, freely

  permeable
• inner membrane


  20% lipid, 80% protein, highly

  impermeable
• intermembrane space


  region between inner and outer membranes
• cristae


  folds of the inner membrane that protrude into the matrix
• Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD, FADH2)


  A coenzyme required in numerous metabolic redox

  reactions.
• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+,

  NADH).


  A coenzyme required in numerous

  metabolic redox reactions.
• Coenzyme A (CoA - SH).


  Derivative of B vitamin pantothenic acid.
• acetyl group


  portion of an acetic acid molecule (CH3 - COOH) that remains after the -OH group is removed from the carboxyl carbon atom.
• High-energy compound


  A compound that has a greater free energy of hydrolysis than that of a typical compound; differ from other compounds in that they contain one or more very reactive bonds (strained bonds).
• Stage 1: Digestion.


  Begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine.
• Stage 2: Acetyl group formation.


  Primary products include two-carbon acetyl units (which become attached to coenzyme A to give acetyl CoA) and

  the reduced coenzyme NADH
• Stage 3: Citric Acid Cycle.


  Occurs inside mitochondria; acetyl groups are oxidized to

  produce CO, and energy. Some of the energy

  released by these reactions is lost as heat, and

  some is carried by the reduced coenzymes NADH

  and FADH, to the fourth stage.
• Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative

  Phosphorylation.


  Occurs inside mitochondria. NADH and FADH, supply the "fuel" (hydrogen ions and electrons) needed for the production of ATP molecules, the primary energy carriers in

  metabolic pathways. Molecular O2, inhaled via

  breathing, is converted to H2O in this stage.
• Cytochrome


  heme containing protein in which

  reversible oxidation and reduction of an iron atom

  occur.
• Complex IV: Cytochrome c Oxidase.


  Contains 13

  subunits, including 2 cytochromes.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation.


  Biochemical process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP as a result of the transfer of electron and hydrogen ions from NADH or FAHD2 to O2 through the electron carriers

  involved in the electron transport chain
• Coupled reactions.


  Pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one reaction is used in the other reaction.
• Chemiosmotic Coupling.


  The "proton flow" of ATP

  ETC coupling. An explanation for the coupling of

  ATP synthesis with electron transport chain

  reactions
• a higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane

  membrane space than in the matrix


  The result of pumping of protons in the

  mitochondrial matrix across the inner

  mitochondrial membrane is--------------.
• 90%


  The electron transport chain/ oxidative

  phosphorylation phase of metabolism consumes

  more than ------------of the oxygen taken into the

  human body via respiration.
• Hydrogen peroxide


  H2O2
• Superoxide ion


  O2‾
• Hydroxyl radical


  OH
• Phytochemical


  Nonnutrient compound found in

  plant-derivative foods that has a positive effect on

  human health.
• Niacin


  NAD+ and NADH
• Riboflavin


  FAD, FADH2, and FMN
• Thiamin


  TPP
• Pantothenic acid


  CoA
• 98% of total dietary lipids


  Triacylglycerols, accounting for -----------, undergo physical changes in the

  stomach due to their insoluble nature in water.