CSC 224

• Data


  Facts concerning people, objects, events or other entities
• Databases store data
• As living entities, we keep generating, storing and managing data till we draw our last breath
• We will always need and work with Data
• Fields that generate data

  • Medicine - Bioinformatics, Genomics, DNA, Pharmaceuticals, etc
  • Education - Admission, Graduation, Course Registration, Results, etc
  • Finance - Currencies, Valuation, Recession, Bankruptcy, etc
  • Others
• Every field generates Data, so needs Data Analysts
• Data


  It is actually very deep, deeper than surface value
• Landmark University is an Agro-based University that started operations in 2011
• You can draw out 5 informed statements from the sentence above
• You can make it to 10 informed statements from the sentence above
• Information


  Data presented in an unambiguous form, suitable for interpretation
• If people cannot make meaning out of it, it's NOT information
• Information still needs Analysis and interpretation
• Knowledge


  Insights into appropriate actions based on interpreted data
• Does the information solve any problem?
• Is the information relevant?
• Does the information propel us towards accomplishing our goals?
• Data Modelling


  A data model organizes data elements and standardizes how the data elements relate to one another
• Since data elements document real life people, places and things and the events between them, the data model represents reality
• Relational Data Model


  An approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, where all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations
• Semi-Structured Data Model


  A database model where there is no separation between the data and the schema, and the amount of structure used depends on the purpose
• Semi-Structured Data Model


  • It can represent the information of some data sources that cannot be constrained by schema
• Entity-Relationship Data Model


  A model that represents the structure of the database with the help of a diagram
• Entity-Relationship Data Model


  • ER Modelling is a systematic process to design a database as it would require you to analyze all data requirements before implementing your database
• Object-Based Data Model


  A data model based on object-oriented programming, associating methods (procedures) with objects that can benefit from class hierarchies
• Object-Based Data Model


  • Thus, "objects" are levels of abstraction that include attributes and behavior
• Data Management Systems


  Built on data management platforms and include a range of components and processes that work together to help you extract value from your data
• Components of Data Management Systems


  • Database management systems
  • Data warehouses and lakes
  • Data integration tools
  • Analytics
• Data Organization


  The way to arrange the raw data in an understandable order
• Methods of Data Organization

  • Classification
  • Frequency distribution table
  • Picture representation
  • Graphical representation
• Data organization helps us to arrange the data in order that we can easily read and work
• Data Definition Language (DDL)


  Create, Alter, Drop, Rename, etc
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)


  Insert, Update, Delete, Select, etc
• Data Control Language (DCL)


  Grant, Revoke, etc
• Transaction Control Language (TCL)


  Commit, Rollback, Savepoint, etc
• Structured Query Language (SQL)


  A domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS)
• SQL itself is not a programming language, but its standard allows creating procedural extensions for it, which extend it to functionality of a mature programming language
• SQL languages


  • Data Definition Language (DDL)
  • Data Manipulation Language (DML)
  • Data Control Language (DCL)
  • Transaction Control Language (TCL)
• Data Definition Language (DDL)


  Syntax for creating and modifying database objects such as tables, indices, and users. For defining data structures, especially database schemas.
• DDL statements


  • CREATE DATABASE
  • RENAME
  • DROP