SNC1WP Final Exam

• Classification of Matter


  • Pure Substances
  • Mixtures
• Element


  Sodium (Na)
• Compound


  Sodium chloride (NaCl), Salt dissolved in water
• Homogeneous (Solution)


  Kool-Aid in water, Maple syrup
• Heterogeneous


  • Mechanical Mixture
  • Suspensions
• Mechanical Mixture


  • Pizza
  • Granola dressing (oil & vinegar)
  • Salad
• Physical Properties


  • Maple syrup flows more slowly than water
  • Aluminum can be flattened into a sheet
  • Diamond can scratch glass
  • Metal wire is part of a circuit
  • Copper can be pulled into a wire
  • Sulfur breaks apart when hit with a hammer
  • Silk feels smooth
  • A piece of wood can float on water
• Chemical Properties


  • Alcohol catches on fire
  • Sulfur breaks apart when hit with a hammer
• Physical Changes


  • Ice melts in water
  • Salt is dissolved in water
  • Baking soda bubbles in vinegar
  • Iron bicycle rusts in the rain
  • Bread is cut into pieces
• Chemical Changes


  • Oxygen is combustible
  • Bread is burned in the oven
  • Sugar is melted
• Density Calculation


  1. Given: Mass = 25 g, Volume = 3.5 cm³

  2. Required: Density

  3. Analysis: D = m / V

  4. Solution: D = 25 g / 3.5 cm³ = 7.14 g/cm³

  5. Identify: Zinc
• Volume Calculation


  1. Given: Mass = 5.2 g, Density = 2.7 g/mL

  2. Required: Volume

  3. Analysis: V = m / D

  4. Solution: V = 5.2 g / 2.7 g/mL = 1.926 cm³
• Mass Calculation


  1. Given: Density = 8.9 g/cm³, Volume = 2.2 cm³

  2. Required: Mass

  3. Analysis: m = D * V

  4. Solution: m = 8.9 g/cm³ * 2.2 cm³ = 19.58 g
• Subatomic Particles


  • Proton: Charge = Positive, Location = Nucleus
  • Neutron: Charge = Neutral, Location = Nucleus
  • Electron: Charge = Negative, Location = Orbiting nucleus
• Beryllium


  Symbol: Be, Atomic Number: 4, Mass Number: 9

  Protons: 4, Neutrons: 5, Electrons: 4
• Nitrogen


  Symbol: N, Atomic Number: 7, Mass Number: 14

  Protons: 7, Neutrons: 7, Electrons: 7
• Iron


  Symbol: Fe, Atomic Number: 26, Mass Number: 56

  Protons: 26, Neutrons: 30, Electrons: 26
• Sodium


  Symbol: Na, Atomic Number: 11, Mass Number: 23

  Protons: 11, Neutrons: 12, Electrons: 11
• Periodic Table Families


  • Alkali Metals: Group 1 (e.g., Sodium)
  • Alkaline Earth Metals: Group 2 (e.g., Magnesium)
  • Halogens: Group 17 (e.g., Chlorine)
  • Noble Gases: Group 18 (e.g., Helium)
• Alkali Metals


  Electrons lost: 1

  Cation or Anion: Cation
• Alkaline Earth Metals


  Electrons lost: 2

  Cation or Anion: Cation
• Halogens


  Electrons gained: 1

  Cation or Anion: Anion
• Noble Gases


  Electrons gained or lost: N/A

  Cation or Anion: N/A
• Physical Properties of Metals

  • State: Solid

  Colour: Grey/silver

  Lustre: Shiny

  Clarity: Opaque

  Malleability: Malleable

  Ductility: Ductile

  Brittleness: Not brittle

  Conductivity: Conductive
• Physical Properties of Non-Metals

  • State: Anything

  Colour: Varies

  Lustre: Dull

  Clarity: Varies

  Malleability: Not malleable

  Ductility: Not ductile

  Brittleness: Brittle

  Conductivity: Non-conductive
• Water Cycle


  1. Evaporation

  2. Condensation

  3. Precipitation

  4. Runoff

  5. Infiltration

  6. Transpiration
• Evaporation


  The process by which water changes from liquid to vapor
• Condensation


  The process by which water vapor changes to liquid water
• Precipitation


  Any form of water, liquid or solid, that falls from clouds and reaches the ground
• Runoff


  Water, usually from precipitation, that flows over the ground and returns to rivers, lakes, and oceans
• Infiltration


  The process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil
• Transpiration


  The process by which water is absorbed by plants and then released into the atmosphere
• Biodiversity


  The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem
• Species


  A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding
• Ecosystem


  A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
• Biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem stability, resilience, and providing resources for humans such as food, medicine, and clean water
• Threats to Biodiversity


  • Habitat destruction
  • Pollution
  • Climate change
  • Overexploitation
  • Invasive species
• Metals


  Shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile
• Metals


  • Iron (Fe)
  • Copper (Cu)
  • Gold (Au)
• Non-Metals


  Dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle when solid