Fundamentals of nursing

• Fluids are an abundant part of our body.

  Purpose: to maintain homeostasis & fluid dynamics for cellular oxygenations.
• Types of fluids:

  • Isotonic
  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
• Isotonic fluids are the first administered for rehydration.
• Hypotonic fluids are administered to dehydrated patients for cell swell.
• Isotonic fluids are fluids that are used for the perfect percentage of fluids.
• Hypertonic fluids are administered to those with an excess volume of fluids, known as fluid volume excess.
• Hypertonic fluids contain sugar (aka, Dextrose or "D5".) The sugar causes a diuretic effect.
• D5w fluid is an isotonic solution. Meanwhile, D5050, D5LR, D5IMB are hypertonic solutions.
• The ketchup theory, the theory of the relationship of blood and water.
• Some examples of disorders related to fluids

  • Fluid volume deficit
  • Fluid volume excess
• Fluid Volume Deficit


  Patient lacks fluid volume or is dehydrated.

  mgt.

  • isotonic and hypotonic solutions.
• Sunken fontanelles is a symptom of fluid volume deficit for children.
• Dry mouth is known as xerostomia.
• Labs of Fluid Volume Deficit:

  • Low urine output, leading to;
  • Hemoconcentration
• Fluid Volume Excess


  Patient has too much fluid volume or is over-rehydrated.

  mgt.

  • Fluid of chance is hypertonic
  • diuretics
  • monitor Input and Output and weight.
• The symptom distended neck vein is also known as Jugular vein distention.
• Anasarca is also known as generalized edema.
• Labs of fluid volume excess

  • Oliguria, leading to;
  • Hemodilution
• Electrolytes

  There are 4 major electrolytes.

  • Sodium - major electrolyte of the brain
  • Potassium - major electrolyte of the heart and muscle
  • Calcium - major electrolyte of the muscle and bones
  • Magnesium - major electrolyte of the muscle and bones