Oral Com(1)

• Communication


  • Builds a better bond among the people concerned
  • Lack of communication will result in failed relationships
• Simplicity Over Complexity Is Vital For Effective Communication.

  Flowery words are not necessary when speaking, words must be simple and easy to comprehend for the listener to understand
• 9 Basic Elements of Communication

  • Sender/ Speaker
  • Receiver
  • Message
  • Channel
  • Feedback
  • Encoding
  • Decoding
  • Context
  • Barrier
• Encoding


  The process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands
• Decoding


  The process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
• Context


  The environment where communication takes place
• Barrier


  The factor that affect the flow of communications
• Process of Communication

  1. The speaker generates an idea

  2. The speaker encodes an idea or convert the idea into words or action

  3. The sender selects the channel of communication that will be used

  4. The message travels over the channel of communication

  5. The receiver gets the message

  6. The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context

  7. The receiver sends or provides feedback
• Aristotle's Model of Communication


  A linear model which consults of three elements: the speaker, the subject/message, and the listener
• Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher.
• Aristotle was born in circa 322 B.C.
• When Aristotle turned 17, he enrolled in Plato's Academy.
• Aristotle remained closely affiliated with and influenced by the Macedonian court for the rest of his life.
• Proxenus, Aristotle's guardian sent him to Athens to pursue a higher education.
• One of the main focuses of Aristotle's philosophy was his systematic concept of logic.
• Science was among the subjects that Aristotle researched at length during his time at Lyceum.
• In 338 B.C, Aristotle went home to start tutoring King Philip II's son, the then 13-year-old Alexander the Great.
• In 335 B.C, Aristotle opened the Lyceum in Athens.
• Aristotle contracted a disease of the digestive system and died.
• Aristotle's Model of Communication

  • One-way communication with no room for feedback, applicable in public speaking
  • Speaker-centered with the audience remaining passive as mere receivers
• Five Elements of Aristotle's Model of Communication

  • Speaker
  • Speech
  • Occasion
  • Audience
  • Effect
• Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication


  A mathematical theory of communication developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver to focus on the technical aspects of communication and improve understanding of communication via telephone
• The Shannon-Weaver model depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five elements: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination.
• The Shannon-Weaver model has been criticized for missing the essential element of feedback in the communication process.
• Elements of Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication

  • Information Source
  • Transmitter or Encoder
  • Channel
  • Noise
  • Decoder or Reception
  • Receiver or Destination
  • Feedback
• External


  Something external (not in control of sender or receiver) impedes the message
• External


  • At the point of transmission through the channel (having a conversation by highway and receiver is having trouble hearing over sound of cars)
  • Low internet connection
• Decoder or Reception


  Device that decodes the message from binary digits or waves back into a format that can be understood by receiver
• Decoder or Reception


  • Computers (turn binary pockets of 1s and 0s into pixels on a screen to make words)
  • Telephones (turn signals-digits or waves into sounds)
  • Cell phones (turn bits of data into readable-listenable messages)
• Receiver or Destination

  • 'end point' of the original S-W model of technical communication process (because the mathematical theory doesn't have a feedback)
  • Step where person gets the message, or what's left of it after accounting for noise
• Receiver or Destination


  • Person on the end of a telephone
  • Person reading an email you sent
  • Automated payment system online that received credit card details for payment
• Feedback


  • Final step
  • Not originally proposed by Shannon and Weaver in 1948
  • Norbert Weiner come up with feedback step in response to criticism of linear nature of the approach
  • Like a post-hoc (added after the model was proposed) add-on
  • Occurs when receiver responds to sender to close communication loop
• Transactional model of communication


  • Two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element
  • More interactive
  • Collaborative exchange of messages between the communication with the aim of understanding each other
  • Barrier, such as noise, may interfere with the flow of communication
• Transactional model of communication

  • Not a linear, one-way communication; rather, it describes communication as a process
  • Exchange of messages between communicators where each take turns to send or receive messages
  • Communicators generate social realities within social, relational and cultural contexts
  • Known as the Circular Model of Communication, which means the communication occurs at the same time
  • The senders and receivers must be active at the same time for it to be called transactional
  • Contrary to Aristotle's Model of Communication, this model is often used for interpersonal communication
  • Involves participants who are simultaneously senders and receivers
• Transactional model of communication


  • Encourages the communicator to create relationships
  • Engage in dialogue to create communities (interpersonal)
  • Encourage communicator to shape self-concept
  • Build intercultural alliances through exchange of messages
• Types of contextual influences

  • Physical context
  • Psychological context
  • Social context
  • Relational context
  • Cultural context
• Physical context


  Actual setting where and when communication happens, such as the time of the day, place, noise level of the surroundings, and the weather
• Psychological context


  Mood and emotions of the audience as well as the speaker to a lesser extent
• Social context


  Rules or norms in a society that influence the communication process, personal matter. Includes those values, laws, and other restrictions of a society to communicate within a specific limit
• Social context


  • In a formal occasion, we have to adhere to rules as to be formal
  • It is a norm in society that we greet people with a smile
  • When someone gives compliments and you have to thank you
  • One should never lie, should respect elders, ask for forgiveness in making a mistake