fascist italy

• who was Victor Emmanual 11

  the first king of italy
• who was Garibaldi


  leader of the radical nationalists- very popular with the masses
• who was pope pius 1X

  head of the roman catholic church
• what does Risogimento mean

  the unification of italy
• what is Realpolitik


  the notion that politics must conduct in terms of the realistic assessment of power and self interest of individual nation states
• what is Trasformismo


  the system of changing government by winning support from former opponents
• 4 external factors for dictators

  1. power balance

  2. economic issues

  3. the situation of the country

  4. how they come to power/ circumstances at the time
• when did Italy become the kingdom of Italy

  between 1815 and 1871
• what did the unification of italy cause

  lots of turmoil and uprisings
• in 1870 how much of the population could vote and who were they

  2% - wealthy and middle class
• what was the main issue with the south during the unification


  they were never initially included because they were poor and had lots of farming lands which would cost a lot of money to change or add infrastructure
• why was unification costly


  they owed money to all the countries that helped them
• why was the pope an issue in the unification

  he told all the catholics not to vote as he lost most of his papal land from the unification
• why did the unification not make italians

  there was a massive gap in dialect and belief from different parts of italy
• what was the italian irredenta

  areas owned by austria that were populated by italians
• how many italians had emigrated to america by the 1900s

  3 million
• how many prime ministers did italy go through from 1869-1922

  29
• what did liberal politicians believe

  that5 ordinary people did not have the ability to participate in government
• by 1882 what % of adult males could vote

  25%
• what was real italy

  the ordinary italians and their way of life
• what was legal italy

  all the laws and the political classes who ran the country
• what was italys industrial development limited by


  their lack of key resources like iron and coal
• how did the new state deal with the debts they inherited from the unification

  they raised taxes meaning that by 1900 italians were estimated to be the most highly taxed people in europe
• what did the percentage of adult population who were illiterate decrease to in 1911 in the north

  from 42% -11%
• what did the percentage of adult population who were illiterate decrease to in 1911 in the south

  from 88% - 65%
• what were the rich and elite known as

  liberal oligarchy
• when did the pope instruct catholics not to vote

  1874
• when did giolitti become pime minister

  1903
• what were 3 key issues Giolitti faced at the start

  1. could he reconcile catholisism

  2. could he gain support from the masses

  3. could he keep support from the traditional elites
• what did the growth of socialism frighten

  the catholic church
• what did socialists believe about Giolittis reforms

  that they didnt go far enough
• by 1913 which socialist party began winning seats in parliament


  the PSI
• what were moderates


  people who argued that peaceful pressure could gain reforms so they created a minimum program of reform to help improve workers quality of life
• wo were radicals


  they argued that the PSI should strive to achieve its full programme of a socialist state
• who were syndicalists


  those who argued unions should organise strikes to overthrow the system and set up a new society
• when did Mussolini become radical leader of the PSI

  1912
• what did nationalists want

  a vigorous authoritarian government to inspire the masses and extinguish class warfare
• what did futurists reject

  the liberal view that the supreme way of life was a comfortable existance
• what 2 reforms did Giolitti introduce after 1900 that benefitted the working class

  1. wages rose by 25%

  2. laws about child and women labour
• in trying to increase support what did Giolitti do

  alienated both sides