term 3

• Arteries

  • Thick muscular walls
  • Narrow lumen
  • No valves
• Arteries


  Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure
• Veins


  • Thinner walls
  • Wider lumen
  • Contain valves
• Veins


  Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart under low pressure
• Capillaries


  • One cell thick
  • Very narrow lumen
• Capillaries


  Facilitate exchange of materials (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients) between blood and tissues
• Transpiration


  The process by which water vapor is lost from plants through stomata in leaves
• Transpiration


  Important for cooling the plant, nutrient uptake, and maintaining flow of water and minerals
• Factors Affecting Transpiration Rate

  • Light intensity
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Wind
  • Water vapour
• Xylem


  Tubes made of dead cells, lignified walls
• Xylem


  Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
• Phloem


  Tubes made of living cells, with sieve plates
• Phloem


  Transports sugars and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant
• Parts of the Heart

  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Septum
  • Valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, semilunar)
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Vena cava
• Coronary Heart Disease


  • Caused by blockage of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis
  • Leads to reduced oxygen supply to heart muscles, causing angina or heart attacks
• Risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease

  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
• Root Hair Cell


  • Absorption of water and minerals from the soil
  • Large surface area for efficient absorption
• Parts of the Blood and Its Function

  • Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen using hemoglobin
  • White Blood Cells: Fight infections, Phagocytosis and making antibodies
  • Platelets: Help in blood clotting
  • Plasma: Transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products
• Osmosis: Movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a semi-permeable membrane
• Tests for Carbohydrates, Protein, and Fats

  • Starch: Iodine test (blue-black color indicates presence)
  • Reducing Sugars: Benedict's test (orange-red (blue-green-yellow-orange-brick red) precipitate indicates presence)
  • Proteins: Biuret test (purple color indicates presence)
  • Fats: Emulsion test (milky-white emulsion indicates presence)
• Importance of Nitrate to Plants

  Essential for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins
• Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

  Increased temperature increases enzyme activity up to an optimum point (usually around 37o); beyond that, enzymes denature
• Parts of the Digestive System

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
• Characteristics of Living Organisms

  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
• Deficiency Diseases


  Conditions caused by a lack of essential nutrients (e.g., scurvy from vitamin C deficiency)
• Parts of the Cell

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall (plants)
  • Chloroplasts (plants)
  • Vacuole (plants)
• Parts of the Teeth

  • Enamel
  • Dentin
  • Pulp cavity
  • Cement
  • Root canal
• Functions of the Teeth

  • Incisors: Cutting food
  • Canines: Tearing food
  • Premolars and Molars: Grinding and chewing food
• Ways to Prevent Tooth Decay

  • Brushing teeth regularly
  • Reducing sugar intake
  • Using fluoride toothpaste
  • Regular dental check-ups
• Renal Artery


  Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidney
• Renal Vein


  Carries deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the heart
• Root Hair Cells and Root Cortex

  • Root hair cells increase the surface area for absorption
  • The root cortex helps transport water and minerals to the xylem