history tijdvakken 7,8,9,10

• rational optimism and enlightened thinking, applied to politics, religion, economy and society: people started to use scientific knowledge from the previous century to improve their society. the knowledge is used to thing about the best way to rule a country or have freedom and equality.
• continuation of ancien regime and enlighted absolutism: acien regime is the old society with 3 estates (nobility, clergy and civilians). the king has all the power and the society is unequal. enlighted absolutism is that the king want his people to benefit from enlighted ideas, such as education, equality and personal freedom, but the king doesn't want to share his power; he controls the state.
• european domination in plantation colonies and slave trade. the emergence of abolitionism: european countries have large plantations in colonies, such as coffee, sugar and tobacco. they use slaves from africa, but since the 18th century (the age of enlightenment), people criticised slavery = abolitionism.
• the western democratic revolutions that lead to constitutions, civil rights and citizenship: based on enlighted ideas, like freedom, equality and democratic ideas, some countries have a democratic revolution. like the american revolution in 1776, patriot revolution in the netherlands in 1795 and the french revolution in 1789
• the industrialisation of the western world: the industrial revolution starts in britian. people invest in machines like a steam engine to produce a lot. this leads to urbanization and an industrial society, based on procession = class system
• discussions about social issues: the industrial workers work under terrible circumstances; low wages, long hours, dangerous work, child labour, etc. factory owners don't do anything about it, because they want to keep making profit.
• modern imperialism: european countries use their industrial power to rule over countries, they create: modern communication, fast transportation and modern weapons to firm their grip on their colonies and conquer new ones. colonies are now used for industry, like raw materials and to sell products.
• emancipation movements: some people want to have more equality, like woman(feminism), christians(confessionalism) and the working class(socialism).
• on-going democratic development: society changed after the industrial revolution. more people want a say in the government, this leads to voting right for people. at the beginning of the 20th century only men had the right to vote, later also woman.
• the beginning of sociopolitical ideas, such as liberalism, nationalism, socialism, confessionalism and feminism: these ideas from the basis of political movements in the 20th century. liberalism: based on enlightenment; small government, freedom, mainly for upper class. nationalism; pride for your own nation. socialism; more equality, better living conditions for working class. feminism; more equality for women and the right to vote. confessionalism; the government should base the laws and society based on ideas from the bible
• • Periods of history covered
  • Prehistory
  • Antiquity
  • Middle Ages
  • Early Modern Time
  • Modern Time
• the role of modern propaganda, communication and mass movement: totalitarian states spread propaganda to influence their people (to spread it they used; radio, films, newspapers, posters, magazines, etc). example: hitler youth; for boys in nazi germany
• totalitarianism: communism and national socialism (fascism): totalitarian state: where government controls all aspects of life. communism in the soviet union, national socialism in nazi germany. they all have a strong leader, propaganda, secret police, violence and exclude unwanted groups in society
• the economic world crisis: after ww1 crisis and people unemployed. european countries tried to recover by getting a loan from america, but wallstreetcrash 1929 brings the US in great depression (due to overproduction and not paid loans). the rest of western world (europe) soon follows. the consequences are huge; it leads to the rise of hitler.
• two world wars: ww1 allies; france, great britian and russia. centrals; germany, austria-hungary
• racism and discrimination that lead to genocide and holocaust: ww1: jews get discriminated (kristalnacht-> jews get attacked). ww2 leads to the genocide of jews (they get sent to concentration camps) and they get industrial killed. also unwanted groups in society like, disables, slavic people, communists.
• the german occupation of the netherlands: nazi germany wanted to invade france through the netherlands -> nl gets attacked. after the bombs on rotterdam, the netherlands gives up. seyss-inquart becomes the new leader. some people are against it (jews), but a large scale accepts it. in 1944 a part of nl gets liberated. in 1945 there is an 'hongerswinter'
• large-scale devastation by weapons of mass destruction and the involvement of civilians in warfare: bc of industralization there was a mass production of weapons possible (led to a lot of deaths). ww1; tanks, grenades, toxic gas, etc. they also had young soldiers. ww2; jews got killed in concentration camps, the bombing of cities -> killed civilians
• the beginning of resistance in the colonies agianst the european supremacy: in some colonies people started to criticise european rule, but europeans didn't listen to these nationalist movements -> they supressed them. (this era it was the colonies protesting)
• the worldwide division into 2 blocs with an arms race and nuclear threat (cold war): after ww2; soviet union and the usa strive for greater influence. other countries chose sides or stayed neutral. it was the time of conlicts and arms race (atomic bombs; most powerful), but no direct conflict = cold war
• decolonisation: colonies gain their independence. example; india (mostly non violent) indonesia (nl send their army, but in the end they had to give up). vietnam (violent with the french and americans losing the war).