Periodic Table of Eelements

• Elements - A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.
• Alkali metals - naturally exist as compounds with other elements since they are very reactive low densities and melting points
• Alkaline earth metals - highly reactive, exist as solids but are relatively harder than alkali metals, shiny, lustrous, strongly conduct heat and electricity, denser and have higher boiling and melting points compared to Group 1
• Transition metals - Hard, shiny and lustrous solids, High thermal and electrical conductivity; high melting points, often take on multiple charged states
• Boron Family (Earth Metals) - usually hard, brittle, and have a low melting point. They are also good electrical and thermal conductors.
• Carbon Family (Tetrels) - have much higher melting points and boiling points than the group 13 elements.
• Nitrogen Family (Pnictogens) - may be transparent, either diamagnetic or paramagnetic at room temperature,

  and may conduct electricity when heated
• Oxygen Family(Chalcogens) - contains non-metals and metalloids. Many of these elements at high concentrations are toxic or damaging.
• Halogens - nonmetallic elements that are highly reactive in nature react violently, particularly with metals, poor conductors of heat and electricity, low boiling and melting points
• Noble Gases - colorless, odorless and nonflammable under standard conditions, most stable elements referred to as inert gases because of the initial notion that they were not at all reactive, least reactive nonmetallic gases
• How are the elements arranged in the Periodic Table?

  ➢ Seven (7) horizontal rows called periods

  ○ A horizontal row in the periodic table is a period.

  ○ Periods are numbered 1 to 7, from top to bottom.

  ○ The period number states how many Energy Levels an element has.
• ➢ Eighteen (18) vertical columns called groups or families.

  ○ A vertical column in the periodic table is a group.

  ○ Groups are numbered 1 to 18, from left to right.

  ○ A group is also called a family because the elements in a group tend to have very similar physical and chemical properties.

  ○ The group number states how many Valence Electrons an element has
• ● Atomic number - number of protons in the atom’s nucleus ● Symbol - is used as a shorthand and in chemical equations ● Mass number - is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
• o Metals – An element that is normally solid at room temperature with the exception of mercury (Hg)

  ✔ Metals are measured of the ease at which an electric charge or heat can pass through a material

  ✔ Metals have an ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

  ✔ Metals have an ability to be stretched into thin wires
• o Nonmetals - an element that does not have the properties of a metal. They can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous

  form.

  ✔ Non-metals are brittle.

  ✔ Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite).

  ✔ Non-metals are non-lustrous (dull) and cannot be polished (except iodine).

  ✔ Non-metals may be solids, liquids or gases at room temperature.

  ✔ Non-metals are neither tough nor strong.
• o Metalloids -An element that has physical and chemical properties of both metal and nonmetal.

  ✔ Metalloids can conduct electricity but not as well as metals

  ✔ Metalloids are shiny but brittle and chips easily like glass.

  ✔ Metalloids are shiny like a metal but brittle like a nonmetal

  ✔ Metalloids are somewhat shiny and conducts electricity like a metal but brittle like a nonmetal
• Classification of Elements

  
• Group 1- alakali metals > very reactive, low densities, low melting points
• Group 2- alkaline earth metals- highly reactive, good conductor of heat and electricity
• group 3-12 transition metal > hard, shiny solids, thermal, high melting points
• Group 13 boron family > hard, brittle, low melting point
• Group 14- Carbon Family > high melting points and boiling points
• Group 15 Nitrogen Family> transparent, conduct electricity when heated, can be either diamagnetic or paramagnetic at a room temperature
• Group 16 Oxygen Family> nonmetals/metalloids
• Group 17 Halogens > react violently with metals, poor conductors of heat electricity (insulators)
• Group 18 Noble Gas > colorless, odorless, nonflammable (stable)
• What is the defining characteristic of alkali metals?- existence as compounds with other elements
• Which family of elements is known for its shiny, lustrous appearance and strong conductivity of heat and electricity? -Transition metals
• Which group of elements typically exhibits multiple charged states and high thermal conductivity?- transition metals
• Which element family is characterized by hardness, brittleness, and low melting points?- Boron Family
• What property distinguishes halogens from other element groups?- high reactivity
• Which group of elements is often referred to as inert gases due to their low reactivity?- noble gases
• What is the primary characteristic of elements in the carbon family?- high melting points
• What is the primary characteristic of elements in the nitrogen family?- good electrical conductivity
• Which element family is known for its high reactivity and existence as compounds with other elements?- Alkali metals
• Which group of elements has the highest reactivity and tends to react violently with metals?- Halogens
• Which element family is characterized by its low boiling and melting points and poor conductivity?- halogens
• if the atom is neutral or if its in element form: the number of protons is equal to electrons
• Metals:

  • solid at room temperature except (hg)
  • ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets
  • ability to be stretched thin wires
• nonmetals

  • brittle, poor conductors heat and electricity
  • dull, cannot be polished
  • solids, liquids or gases at room temp