intro to disease

• Pathology


  The study of disease
• Pathology


  • Includes the study of basic structural & functional changes associated with a disease
  • Includes the study of the sequence of events that leads from structural & functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations
• Pathogenesis


  The sequence of events that leads from structural & functional abnormalities to clinical manifestations
• Pathophysiology


  The study of the pathogenesis of disease
• Pathologists


  Practice laboratory medicine / study basic aspects of disease within a department of pathology associated with a hospital and/or medical school
• Branches of pathology


  • General pathology
  • Systemic pathology
  • Gross pathology
  • Cellular pathology
  • Surgical pathology
  • Clinical pathology
  • Immunopathology
• General pathology


  The study of the fundamental principles & mechanisms underlying diseases, focusing on the common processes that occur in various organs and tissues
• Systemic pathology


  The study of specific diseases affecting different organ systems in the body, delving deeper into the detailed pathology of individual organs
• Subdivisions of clinical pathology

  • Histopathology
  • Cytopathology
  • Haematology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Chemical pathology
  • Genetics
  • Toxicology
  • Forensic pathology

  
• Types of pathologists


  • Experimental pathologists
  • Anatomic pathologists
  • Clinical pathologists
• Experimental pathologists


  Basic scientists who spend most of their time in research, investigating the causes & mechanisms of disease
• Anatomic pathologists


  Perform autopsies, examine all tissues removed from live patients (surgical pathology) & examine cell preparations to look for cancer cells (cytopathology)
• Clinical pathologists


  Analyze various specimens removed from patients, such as blood, urine, feces, spinal fluid, or sputum, for chemical substances, microorganisms, antigens & antibodies, nucleic acids, atypical blood cells, & coagulation factors
• Anatomic & clinical pathologists are primarily concerned with diagnosing diseases, but especially at hospitals associated with medical schools, they may also be engaged in research & teaching
• History of pathology


  • 4000 BC - Babylonian & Sumerian "physicians" recording urine evaluations
  • 300-100 BC - Ancient Hindu physicians testing urine
  • 400-301 BC - Hippocrates interpreting body functioning based on urine
  • 101-200 AD - Galen clarifying urine was a filtrate of blood
  • 13th century - Modino de' Luzzi employing Alessandra Giliani as a medical/surgical assistant
• Disease


  A physical / functional disorder of normal body systems that places an individual at increased risk of adverse consequences
• What should we know about a disease?

  • Definition
  • Epidemiology
  • Etiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphology
  • Functional consequences
  • Management
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
• Pathology focuses on 4 aspects of disease

  • Etiology
  • Pathogenesis
  • Morphology
  • Functional changes / consequences
• Diagnosis


  Identifying diseases by examination of patient's history & physical examination, examining cells & tissues, and imaging the intact body

  
• Techniques used in pathology

  • Light microscopy
  • Histochemistry
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Electron microscopy
  • Cell culture
  • Molecular pathology
• Morphology


  The study of structural changes in disease
• Terminology used in pathology

  • abscess
  • acute
  • adenocarcinoma
  • adenoma
  • apoptosis
  • bacteremia
  • biopsy
  • chronic
  • cyst
  • cytology
  • H & E
  • hematuria
  • hemorrhage
  • malignant
  • meningitis