Theoretical Foundation of Nursing

• THEORIES are set of interrelated concepts that give a systematic

  view of a phenomenon (an observable fact or event) that is

  explanatory & predictive in nature.
• The definition within the description of a theory conveys

  the general meaning of the concepts in a manner that fits

  the theory.
• Assumptions- Are statements that describe concepts or connect two

  concepts that are factual.
• Assumptions are the “taken for granted” statements that determine the nature of the concepts, definitions, purpose, relationsships and structure of the theiry.
• Principle -A basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct.
• nursing theory

  A body of knowledge that describes or explains nursing

  and is used to support nursing practice.

  An organized and systematic articulation of a set of

  statements related to questions in the discipline of

  nursing.
• enumerate the Nursing Theory:

  • explains
  • describes
  • predicts
  • presribes
• Philosophy

  The most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an

  individual or group. ana anlysis of th grounds of and concepts expressing fundamental beliefs
• philosophy

  Is the next knowledge level after metaparadigm. It

  specifies the definition of metaparadigm concepts.
• conceptual frameworks/ Models Are representations of an idea or body of knowledge based on the own understanding or perception of a person or researcher on a certain topic, phenomena or theory
• Theoretical models are highly established set of concepts that are testable
• science

  the organized body of knowledge gained through research
• Enumerate the Scientific Method:

  • Observation
  • Data Gathering
  • Forming hypothesis
  • expirementation
  • conclusion
• Knowledge- Information, skills and expertise acquired by a person through formal/informal learning.
• phenomenon - A set of empirical data or experiences that can be physically observed or tangible such as crying or grimacing when in pain.
• Nursing - it encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.
• PARADIGM

  is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.
• hypothesis - translates a reserch question into a prediction of exxpected outcomes
• RESEARCH- comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
• what are the types of nursing theory:

  • Meta- theory
  • Grand theories
  • practice theory
  • descriptive theory
  • prescriptive theory
• Meta-theory - the theory of theory. Identifies specific phenomena through abstract concepts.
• Grand theories – broad and complex Middle-range theories- address specific phenomena and reflectpractice
• Practice theory - explores one particular situation found in

  nursing. It identifies explicit goals and details how these goals will be achieved.
• Descriptive theories – first level of theory development
• Prescriptive Theories – address nursing interventions and

  predict their consequences.
• The history of professional nursing began with 1.

  Florence Nightingale. She envisioned nurses as a body

  of educated women at a time when women were neither

  2. educated nor 3. employed in public service.

  Following her service of organizing and caring for the

  wounded in Scutari, during the 4. Crimean War, her

  vision and establishment of a 5. School of Nursing at St.

  Thomas’ Hospital in London marked the birth of modern

  nursing.
• Nightingale’s pioneering activities in nursing practice and

  subsequent writings describing nursing education

  became a guide for establishing nursing schools in the

  United States at the beginning of the twentieth century
• In the early part of nursing’s history, knowledge was extremely limited and almost entirely task oriented. o Role of nurses where questioned; what they do, for whom where and when were determined. o The professionalization of nursing has been and is being brought about through the development and use of nursing theory.
• The word nurse is derived from the Anglo-French nurice and the Latin word nutrica, both of which mean NOURISH.
• » Florence Nightingale pioneer activities in nursing practice & her subsequent writings about nursing served as a guide for establishing nursing schools in the US at the beginning of 20th century. » In the last century, nursing began with a strong emphasis on practice. » Throughout that century, nurses work toward the development of the profession in what has been viewed as successive HISTORICAL ERAS.
• Nightingale’s vision of nursing has been practiced for

  more than a century, and theory development in nursing

  has evolved rapidly over the past 5 decades, leading to

  the recognition of nursing as an academic discipline with

  a substantive body of knowledge.
• what are the 4 historical eras:

  • curriculum era
  • research era
  • gra edu era
  • theory era