MATTER: ITS PROPERTIES AND MEASUREMENT

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Property


  An observable that can be used in order to describe an object and distinguish it from others
• Elements


  Substances that cannot be further broken down into more elementary substances (primary constituents of matter)
• Atoms


  Building blocks of matter
• Molecules


  Combinations of atoms with different composition and structure
• Mass


  • The amount of matter in an object
  • Expressed in g, kg, tons, pounds
• Weight


  • The gravitational force on an object
  • Expressed in Newton
  • Weight = mass x gravity (W=mg); where gravity (on Earth) = 9.8 m/s2
• Volume


  • Exact space occupied by an object
  • Impenetrability property: No two objects can occupy the same space at the same time
• Density


  • The amount of matter in a given volume of material
  • Expressed in g/cm3 or kg/m3
  • Density = mass / volume (D=m/V)
• Chemical Properties


  Describe how a substance may react or change to form another substance e.g. susceptibility to corrosion, flammability
• Physical Properties


  Can be observed without any chemical alteration to the substance of interest e.g. color, odor, density, melting point, hardness
• Qualitative Physical Properties


  • Physical state
  • Color
  • Odor
  • Crystal shape
  • Malleability
  • Ductility
  • Hardness
  • Brittleness
• Quantitative Physical Properties


  • Melting point
  • Boiling point
  • Density
  • Solubility
  • Electrical conductivity
  • Thermal conductivity
• Intensive properties


  Properties of substances that are independent of the amount of the sample e.g. density, color
• Extensive properties


  Properties of substances that are dependent on the amount of sample e.g. mass, volume
• Phase Changes


  • Melting/Fusion (Solid to Liquid)
  • Freezing/Solidification (Liquid to Solid)
  • Vaporization/Evaporation (Liquid to Gas)
  • Condensation (Gas to Liquid)
  • Sublimation (Solid to Gas)
  • Deposition (Gas to Solid)
• Physical Change


  Only the physical appearance is altered, substance retains its identity
• Chemical Change


  Substance is transformed into a different substance with different properties and identity
• Differences between Physical and Chemical Changes

  • Reversibility
  • Energy change
  • Identity of products
• Classifications of Matter


  • States of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
  • Pure substances (compounds or elements)
  • Elements
  • Compounds
  • Mixtures
• Types of Energy


  • Kinetic
  • Potential
  • Thermal
  • Chemical
  • Electrical
  • Electrochemical
  • Electromagnetic
  • Sound
  • Nuclear
• Dimensional Analysis


  Works by the fact that any number multiplied by 1 equals the number itself, and the reciprocal of such number is also 1
• Dimensional Analysis Example

  • Converting kilometers to feet
• Density


  A quantity that indicates the amount of matter per unit volume of a sample
• Percent Composition


  Percentage of a component in relation to the total mass of a compound
• Density and Percent Composition Example

  • Calculating mineral matter in a cheese sample and its density
• Temperature


  Measure of the hotness or coldness of an object. It determines the direction of heat flow.
• Heat


  Energy in transit from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature
• Temperature Conversion


  • Conversion formulas between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin
• Classifications of Matter

  A) Matter

  B) Mixture

  C) Pure Substance

  D) Element

  E) Compound

  F) Homogenous

  G) Heterogenous