Cell Biology

• cells 


  the microscopic components of all organisms
• Robert Hooke


  he was the first person to see cells
• Robert Hooke


  he viewed cork with a crude lens in the late seventeenth century
• cell theory


  states that all life is composed of cells, that cells are the functional units of life, and cells come from preexisting cells
• cell membrane 


  this encloses the cytoplasm
• cytosol


  the fluid portion of the cell membrane
• organelles


  complex cells have these specialized compartments
• the surface area of a cell must be large relative to its volume
• flagella


  involved in the locomotion of a cell
• eukaryotic cells


  have nucleus and other organelles
• prokaryotic cells 


  lack membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryotic cells 


  found in bacteria and archaea
• Bacteria


  are structurally simple, but they are abundant and diverse
• Nucleoid 


  DNA occurs here
• Archaea 


  a group of single-celled prokaryotic organisms that share some characteristics with bacteria and eukaryotes but also have unique structures and chemistry
• Domain Eukarya


  contains organisms with complex cells
• nucleus


  an envelope consisting of two membranes encloses it
• nucleolus


  it produces components of ribosomes
• nucleus 


  within it, the DNA and proteins makes up chromatin fibers and each very long fiber is a single chromosome
• organelles 


  are intracellular structures that perform specific functions
• mitochondria


  an organelle that produces ATP
• eukaryote and prokaryote diagram

  A) membrane enclosed nucleus

  B) mitochondrion

  C) nucleolus

  D) ribosomes

  E) cell membrane

  F) cell wall

  G) flagellum

  H) capsule

  I) nucleoid

  
• microtubules


  serves as the skeleton of the cell
• vacuoles 


  engulf and transport materials and harmful pathogens in and out of the cell
• ribosomes


  construct proteins from information in RNA
• Golgi apparatus


  packages and tags proteins for intercellular transport
• chloroplasts


  facilitates photosynthesis in plants
• lysosomes 


  contain enzymes to digest and remove waste products
• intercellular


  between the cells
• intracellular


  within the cells
• cell division diagram

  A) DNA replication

  B) cell division

  C) two diploid cells

  D) mother cell

  
• cell reproduction


  it is also called as cell division that produces genetically identical daughter cells
• mitosis


  ordinary cell divison
• asexual reproduction


  it results in offspring that are genetically identical to the lone parent and to each other
• mitosis


  it enables multicellular organisms to grow and develop and to replace damaged and loss cells
• sexual reproduction


  organisms that reproduce by the union of a sperm and an egg cell that carry out meiosis
• meiosis


  a type of cell that yields gametes with only half as many chromosomes as body cells
• eukaryotic chromosomes


  consist of a DNA-protein complex that is organized in a compact manner, which permits a large amount of DNA to be stored in the nucleus of a cell
• chromatin 


  the sub-unit of the chromosome
• nucleosome


  the fundamental unit of chromatin