Egyptian

• The ancient civilization that flourished along Nile Delta in the Northwest of Africa and also known as "The Land of Pharaoh"
• NILE RIVER is their means of communication, highway, and lifeline
• Battered walls


  • Inward inclination of the outer face of the walls
• Building materials


  • Stone
  • Soft stone (Limestone, Sandstone, Alabaster)
  • Hardstone (Granite, Quartzite, Basalt, Porphyry)
  • Sun dried bricks/mud brick
  • Date palm
  • Acacia
  • Sycamore
• Sun dried bricks/mud brick made up of clay and chopped stone for pyramids and temples
• Flood season


  One of the two seasons in Egypt
• Ordinary/Hot desert season


  One of the two seasons in Egypt
• No downspout, no drainage, no gutter, no water/sewerage system, no windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm
• Egyptian architecture


  • Monumentality
  • Solidity or Massiveness
  • Simplicity
• Trabeated & columnar (post and lintel) construction


  Use of precise stone work
• Corbelled Vault


  Temples and monuments in ancient Egypt are characterized by featuring only post-and-lintel construction without arches and vaulting, rendering the Egyptians as the first to use this type of vault construction
• Hieroglyphics


  A system using both pictorial and phonetic symbols to record information
• Anthropometry


  A system using both pictorial and phonetic symbols to record information
• Axial planning of massive masonry of tombs and temples
• Pre occupation with eternity and afterlife dominated of these funerary monuments and temples
• Decoration of battered walls with hieroglyphics (cavo-relievo/bass relief)
• Clerestory


  This type of windows introduced light into and released heat from its structures, and caused the close-bud columns to appear to lift toward the light in the center
• Columns


  • Large proportion, plainly advertise their vegetable origin, their shafts indication of bundles of plants and stems
• Principal forms of Egyptian columns

  • Palm column
  • Papyrus bundle column
  • Lotus column
  • "Tent pole" column
  • Papyrus column with open bud
• Egyptian column ornaments


  • Papyrus
  • Lotus
  • Palms
• Types of Egyptian tombs

  • Mastabas
  • Pyramids
  • Rock hewn/ cut tombs

  
• Mastabas


  An ancient Egyptian tomb made of mud brick, rectangular in plan, with a flat roof and sloping sides, with a shaft leading to an underground burial and offering chambers (serdab)
• Mastaba false door usually oriented to the eastern side of the tomb, facing to Nile, enabling the spirit to travel
• 4th dynasty, beginning of non-royal mastaba cemeteries in association with royal tombs, occupants are high officials, to bestowed by the Pharaoh
• Pyramids


  Evolved from Mastaba with 4 sides facing Cardinal points, a massive masonry having rectangular base, steeply sloping sides meeting an apex
• Mythical beasts as guardians of the Royal Tombs

  • Androsphinx
  • Sphinx
  • Hieracosphinx
  • Criosphinx
• Obelisks


  Symbol of Advertising link to Ammon-Ra
• Pylon


  • Mud-Brick towering gateway wall, associated with two Mountains of the horizon, gods travel in-out in the temple, same as sun disc rising
• Memphis city: 1st dam, defense against flood, Rock and Rubble Main material, Uniting the upper and lower egypt kingdoms, Commissioned by Menes 1st Pharaoh (3000-2938)
• Mastaba of Menes


  Menes the 1st Pharaoh, Uniting the 2 kingdoms; upper and lower Egypt, Simulate the house plan, Central room containing Sarcophagus, Façade arranged in 75° sloped backward
• Mastaba of Gizeh/Giza: Additional development of offering chapel, Also known as Necropolis of Gizeh (Ancient burial ground)
• Mastaba of Thi, Sakkara: Additional pillared court
• Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqarra

  Mastaba evolved to step pyramid of king ZOSER/DJOZER, Oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world- rubble filling, 2nd Ruler, Djozer (2667-2648 BC) 1st Pharaoh defined AS god. Tomb complex, new revolution, STONE, IMHOTEP, KING ZOSER'S ARCHITECT
• Imhotep


  The first recognized Architect and Engineer in history, Mastermind behind King Djoser's complex, He was worshipped throughout Egypt into the Roman period as the son of the god of craftsmen, Ptah, The chance find of a statue base belonging to Djozer records Imhotep's titles as 'high priest, 'sculptor', and 'carpenter'
• Bent Pyramid of Seneferu, Dahshur


  Slope 54 °15' AND 43 °, Additional part
• Step Pyramid of Zoser

  Mastaba evolved to step pyramid of king Zoser/Djozer
• Oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world - rubble filling
• Zoser/Djozer


  2nd Ruler, 1st Pharaoh defined as god, Tomb complex, new revolution, stone
• Imhotep


  King Zoser's architect, first recognized architect and engineer in history, mastermind behind King Djoser's complex, worshipped throughout Egypt into the Roman period as the son of the god of craftsmen, Ptah, titles included high priest, sculptor, and carpenter
• Bent Pyramid of Seneferu

  • Slope 54°15' and 43°, Additional parts include King's chamber, Queen's chamber, subterranean chamber, grand gallery and air shafts