Oral Com(2)

• Speech act


  An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect
• Functions carried out using speech acts

  • Offering an apology
  • Greeting
  • Request
  • Complaint
  • Invitation
  • Compliment
  • Refusal
• A speech act might contain just one word or several words or sentences
• Expressing appreciation

  • Thanks
  • Thank you for always being there for me. I really appreciate it
• Locutionary act


  The actual act of uttering
• Illocutionary act


  The social function of what is said
• Perlocutionary act


  The resulting act of what is said, based on the particular context
• Indirect speech acts occur when there is no direct connection between the form of the utterance and the intended meaning
• Indirect speech act


  • Can you pass the rice?
  • Please pass the rice
• Performative utterances


  Statements which enable the speaker to perform something just by stating it
• Constative


  Stating or describing
• Performative


  Incites an action
• Searle's classifications of speech acts

  • Assertive
  • Directive
  • Commissive
  • Expressive
  • Declaration
• Assertive


  A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition
• Directive


  A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action
• Commissive


  A type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future
• Commissive acts


  • Promising
  • Planning
  • Vowing
  • Betting
• Expressive


  A type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions
• Expressive acts


  • Thanking
  • Apologizing
  • Welcoming
  • Deploring
• Declaration


  A type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation
• Always keep in mind that speech acts include concrete life interactions that require the appropriate use of language within a given culture
• Communicative competence (i.e., the ability to use linguistic knowledge to effectively communicate with others) is essential for a speaker to be able to use and understand speech acts
• Communicative Strategies


  Plans, ways, or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose
• 7 types of communicative strategy

  • Nomination
  • Restriction
  • Turn-taking
  • Topic control
  • Topic shifting
  • Repair
  • Termination
• Nomination


  A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic
• Restriction


  Any limitation you may have as a speaker, such as specific instructions that confine what you can say
• Turn-taking


  The process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor
• Topic control


  How procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations
• Topic shifting


  Moving from one topic to another in a conversation
• Repair


  How speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation
• Termination


  The conversation participants' close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation
• The process for writing a speech is not chronological or linear; rather, it is recursive
• Components of the speech writing process

  • Audience analysis
  • Purpose
  • Topic
  • Narrowing down a topic
  • Data gathering
• Audience analysis


  Looking into the profile of your target audience to tailor-fit your speech content and delivery
• Information included in audience analysis

  • Demography
  • Situation
  • Psychology
• Purpose


  To inform, to entertain, or to persuade
• Informative speech


  Provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented
• Entertainment speech


  Provides the audience with amusement
• Persuasive speech


  Provides the audience with well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and decisions
• Narrowing down a topic


  Making your main idea more specific and focused