4. Non-respiratory function - Richard

• what plays a role in removing dust particles and gas/vapors that goes in the respiratory system?

  nose and upper airway
• Tracheal epithelium consist of?

  • ciliated columnar cells
  • mucous cells/goblet cells
  • brush cells
  • small granule cells/ Kulchitsky cells
  • basal cells
• ciliated columnar cells - help remove small inhaled particles toward the pharynx
• mucous/goblet cells - produce mucus secretion
• brush cells - receptor cell in contact with afferent nerve endings for general sensation
• small granule cells or kulchitsky cells - pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies

  • monitor local hypoxia
  • alert respiratory center of brain to increase respiratory
• Structure of bronchioles - epithelium changes as diameter changes

  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  • simple ciliated columnar
  • simple cuboidal with ciliated cells and non-ciliated cells
• structure of bronchioles - goblet cells

  • present - large diameter bronchioles
  • not present - terminal and respiratory bronchioles
• terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal - ciliated cells and non-ciliated club cells

  • Called - Clara cells
  • Function - detoxifies harmful compounds in air and are active against bacteria
  • contain  Lysosomes
• Primary function of mucocillary escalator is to?

  remove foreign particles in tracheobronchial trees
• Mucociliary clearance (MCC) function - the innate lung defense machinery used to capture and clear inhaled foreign agents
• Mucociliary defense meditated by ciliated and goblet cells
• Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) are primarily responsible for removal of fine particles in the alveoli
• lung provide both innate and adaptive immune response all at airway levels
• lung innate immune response is provided by

  • action of airway
  • alveolar epithelial cells
  • resident macrophages
  • recruitment neutrophil
  • monocytes
  • chemokines -
  • secrete antimicrobial IgA in trachea and upper airway
  • secrete secretory IgG in lower respiratory tract
• Innate immune system in lungs - Chemokines does what

  • secrete IgA in trachea and upper airway
  • agglutinates microorganism making mucociliary clearance easier
  • secrete IgG in lower respiratory tract
  • macrophages handling and complement handling
• respiratory adaptive immune system consist of - bronchous associated lymphoid tissue including

  • T cells
  • B cells
  • antigen-presenting cells
• Allergic reaction release cytokines from lung epithelium - which activates

  • dendritic cells (DC) and innate lymphoid cells (ILC-2)
  • DC differentiate naïve T cells into Th2 which secrete
  • IL-4
  • IL-13
  • Il-5
• What plays a role in airway remodeling during allergic/bacterial/virus immune response?

  cytokines
• Exposure to allergen activates B cells to form IgE-secreting plasma cells

  • secreted IgE molecules binds to IgE-specific Fc receptor on mast cells and blood basophil
  • Upon a second exposure to allergen - bound IgE cross-linked triggering release of active mediators from mast cells and basophils
  • mediator cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability and vasodilation