ITC

• Criminology


  The entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, including the process of making laws, breaking laws, and society's reaction to the breaking of laws
• Criminologist


  • A graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as such by the Board of Examiners of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
• Origin of the word "Criminology"


  Derived from the Latin word "crimen" meaning crime and the Greek word "Logos" meaning "to study"
• Principal Divisions of Criminology

  • Etiology of Crimes
  • Sociology of Law
  • Penology
• Criminology is an applied science, a social science, dynamic, and nationalistic
• Scope in the Study of Criminology


  • Study of the origin and development of criminal law
  • Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals
  • Study of other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific methods
• School of Thought


  A group of beliefs or ideas that support a specific theory
• Theory


  A set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted
• Demonological Theory


  • Asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to being possessed by demons
• Classical School of Criminology

  • Grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, punishment and justice that existed in Europe at the time
  • Individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions
  • Individuals have free will to choose legal or illegal means to get what they want
  • Fear of punishment can deter them from committing crime
  • Society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains
• Cesare Beccaria


  • Best known for his essay "On Crimes and Punishment"
  • Presented key ideas on the abolition of torture as legitimate means of extracting confession
  • Believed that people want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain, and that crime provides some pleasure to the criminal
  • To deter crime, one must administer pain in an appropriate amount to counterbalance the pleasure obtained from crime
• Highlights of Cesare Beccaria's Ideas

  • In forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjoy peace and security
  • Punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature unjust
  • Criminal laws must be clear and certain, and judges must make uniform judgments in similar crimes
  • The law must specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his trial
  • Accusations must be public, and false accusations should be severely punished
  • To torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is inadmissible
  • The promptitude of punishment is one of the most effective curbs on crime
  • The aim of punishment can only be to prevent the criminal from committing new crimes and to keep others from doing likewise
  • Capital punishment is inefficacious and its place should be substituted life imprisonment
  • It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them
• Jeremy Bentham


  • Contributed the concept of utilitarianism and the felicific calculus
  • Proposed "Utilitarian Hedonism" which explains that person always acts in such a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain
  • Founded the concept of utilitarianism, which assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain
  • Devised the "felicific calculus" which states that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not
• Utilitarianism


  A philosophy which argues that what is right is the one that would cause the greatest good for the greatest number of people
• Felicific Calculus or the pleasure-and-pain principle


  A theory that proposes that individuals calculate the consequences of his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain (suffering) he would derive from doing the action
• Neoclassical Criminology


  • Modifies the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by other factors, and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail
• Positivist School of Criminology


  • Demands for facts and scientific proof, thus, changing the study of crimes and criminals into a scientific approach
  • Positivists believe that causes of behavior can be measured and observed
  • Positive theorists stated that people are passive and controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon them by biological and environmental factors
• August Comte


  • A French philosopher and sociologist, recognized as the "Father of Sociology and Positivism"
• Cesare Lombroso


  • Recognized as the "Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology" due to his application of modern scientific methods to trace criminal behavior
  • Known for the concept of atavistic stigmata, claiming that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of certain physical features
  • Classified criminals into three classes: born criminals, insane criminals, and criminaloids
• Enricco Ferri


  • Focused his study on the influences of psychological factors and sociological factors such as economics, on crimes
  • Believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes, but rather were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their lives
• Raffaelle Garofalo


  • Treated the roots of the criminals' behavior not to physical features but to their psychology equivalent, which he referred to as moral anomalies
  • Rejected the doctrine of free will
  • Classified criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and Lascivious Criminals
• Biological Theories of Crime Causation

  • Physiognomy - the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior
  • Phrenology, Craniology or Cranioscopy - the study of the shape and size of the cranium as a means of determining mental faculties and character
• Moral anomalies


  Psychology equivalent term used by Cesare Lombroso
• Cesare Lombroso rejected the doctrine of freewill
• Criminals classified by Cesare Lombroso

  • Murderers
  • Violent Criminals
  • Deficient Criminals
  • Lascivious Criminals
• Biological theories


  Theories that point to physical, physiological and other natural factors as the causes for the commission of crimes of certain individuals
• Physiognomy


  The study of facial features and their relation to human behavior
• Giambiatista dela Porta


  • Founder of human physiognomy
  • Believed criminal behavior may be predicted based on facial features
• Johann Kaspar Lavater


  • Supported the belief that a person's character is revealed through his facial characteristics
• Phrenology, Craniology or Cranioscopy

  The study of the external formation of the skull in relation to the person's personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior
• Franz Joseph Gall


  • Developed cranioscopy which was later renamed as phrenology
• Johann Kaspar Spurzheim


  • Assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology
  • Most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience
• Physiology or Somatotype


  The study of body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit
• Ernst Kretschmer


  • Distinguished three principal types of physiques: asthenic, athletic, pyknik and dysplastic
• William Herbert Sheldon


  • Formulated his own group of somatotypes: ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph
• Heredity


  The transmission of traits from parents to offspring
• Richard Louis Dugdale


  • Conducted a study of the Jukes family and discovered that most of the ascendants of the Jukes were criminals
• Henry Goddard


  • Traced the descendants of the Martin Kallikak from each of his two wives and found a distinct difference in terms of quality of lives of descendants. Coined the term "moron".
• Charles Goring


  • Believed that criminal traits can be passed from parents to offspring through the genes
  • Proposed that individuals who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having children
• Intelligence as a factor in criminality

  The classic studies of the Juke and Kallikak families showed that feeblemindedness or low-intelligence can be inherited and transferred from one generation to the next