EXAM Guidance and Counseling

• Avocation - A chosen activity that is pursued by an individual because it gives satisfaction and fulfills an important aspect of the person’s life. It may or may not be income-generating.
• Career - The totality of work and life roles through which an individual expresses himself or herself. It may include work, leisure, and avocational activities.
• Career Awareness - One’s consciousness about career-related decisions, which can be facilitated through self-examination of one’s values, abilities, preferences, knowledge of occupations and life roles, and interests.
• Career Development - All of the psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and other factors that are at play in shaping one’s career over the life span.
• Career Counseling - Individual or group counseling with a focus on increasing career awareness and fostering decision making relative to career goals.
• Career Guidance - A program, designed by counselors, that offers information concerning career development and facilitates career awareness for individuals.
• Career Path - The sequence of positions and jobs that typically signifies potential advancement.
• Job - Specific work tasks that one is responsible for accomplishing.
• Leisure - Time taken from required effort (e.g., job or occupation) in order to pursue self-chosen activities that express one’s abilities and interests.
• Occupation - Jobs of a similar nature that can be found within several work environments and connote the kinds of work a person is pursuing.
• Work - Effort expended at a job, occupation, or avocation in order to produce or accomplish something.
• Career Development - It can be considered developmental because it examines the career decision-making process of an individual as it unfolds through distinct stages.
• True - When most people think about career development, they often think that it is just a process of finding a job. In actuality, it is much more than that.
• True - Our career development is expressed through the jobs, occupations, leisure activities, and avocations we have chosen throughout our lifespan.
• True - Career development is affected by the kinds of messages we received from our parents, from our community, from our religious affiliation, and from society.
• True - It is ongoing, ever-transforming, and doesn’t end until we die.
• Career Counseling - It helps an individual navigate the career development process.
• Career Counseling - It helps to raise a person’s awareness about the choices he or she is making in life.
• Industrial Revolution - The period in which many demographic changes throughout the United States.
• Wagner O' Day Act - In 19312, during the midst of the Depression, this act was passed.
• Wagner O' Day Act - It established the U.S Employment Service, which provided vocational guidance for the unemployed.
• Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) - It was published by the U.S Department of Labor, which represented one of the first attempts of organizing career information.
• Ann Roe - During the 1950s, an explosion of career development began. He/she developed her classification system of career counseling, which promoted the idea that early childhood experiences were responsible for later career choices.
• National Defense Education Act (NDEA) - Due to the emergence of humanistic approaches to counseling as well as government initiatives such as this act which stressed career guidance in the schools, new comprehensive models of career guidance were developed.
• Computer Age - As the 1990s unfolded, this age took firm hold, delivering a wealth of accessible information that allowed quick exploration of the world of work.
• Trait-and-Factor Theory - It is an approach that grew out of the early work of Frank Parsons, was the major career development theory for many years, maintaining its popularity until the 1950s.
• Frank Parsons - He/she is known as the Father of Vocational Guidance. Furthermore, he/she is also the proponent of the trait-and-factor theory.
• Trait-and-Factor Theory - Originally, this approach was a straightforward process that involved the counselor assisting the client in assessing his or her strengths, examining the availability of jobs, and using a rational process to make career decisions.
• Trait-and-Factor Theory - It is largely focused on assessment of ability and interests, this approach tended to be didactic and directive.
• True - Although trait-and-factor theory has maintained its emphasis on the importance of a fit between the individual and the environment, the application of current-day trait-and-factor theory looks very different than it did years ago.
• True - Today’s trait-and-factor counselor does not simply match abilities and interests with jobs but uses a variety of techniques to examine how the vast array of the client’s skills, interests, and personality variables might affect eventual career choices.
• True - This is done in a dynamic manner in which the counselor, through the use of modern-day counseling techniques, facilitates client understanding of self and assists the client in making decisive career choices.
• Ann Roe - In 1956, he/she developed a rather elaborate theory that based career choice on the kinds of early parenting received.
• Ann Roe - He/she hypothesized that parents can be classified into two, and that these two styles result in one of three types of emotional climates.
• These are the two classifications of Parents:

  1. Warm
  2. Cold
• These are the 3 emotional climates:

  1. Emotional concentration on the child
  2. Acceptance of the child
  3. Avoidance of the child
• True - The type of emotional climate in the home will result in one of six types of parent–child relationships, which, often unconsciously, influences the kinds of occupational choices the child will eventually make.
• Parenting Style - According Roe, it ultimately results in the individual having one of the following eight orientations toward the world of work.
• These are the 8 orientations toward the world of work:

  1. Service
  2. Business
  3. Organization
  4. Technology
  5. Outdoor
  6. Science
  7. General Culture
  8. Arts and Entertainment
• Roe suggested that parenting styles lead to the different orientations:

  1. Protective
  2. Demanding
  3. Rejecting
  4. Neglecting
  5. Casual
  6. Loving