Chemistry of Commercial Products: Mixtures

• Homogeneous Mixtures:

  1. Vinegar
  2. Fish Sauce / Patis
  3. Soft Drinks/Fruit Juices - sugar dissolved in water
  4. Alcoholic Beverages (Beers, Wines, Liquor) - ethanol in water
  5. Liquid Medicines/Medicines Tablets
  6. Rubbing Alcohol
  7. Dextrose
• Chromatography - relies on differential partition of the components

  • Important Phases: Mobile Phase (solvent in chromatography) Stationary Phase (absorbent material)
  • Classifications:

  1. Normal-Phase
  2. Reversed-Phase
  3. Column
  4. Planar (paper chromatography)

  *chromatogram - result of chromatography experiment, visual record
• Heterogeneous Mixtures:

  1. Manual Separation
  2. Filtration

  • residue - collected on the filter
  • filtrate - brewed coffee
  • filter paper - simple folded conical filter paper

  3. Sedimentation - suspended solids will eventually separate from liquid by gravity

  4. Decantation - removal of liquid component from solid sediment by pouring out the liquid gently

  5. Centrifugation - process in which suspension or colloid is rotated at very high speeds *centrifuge - machine that rotates the sample
• Tyndall Effect is the random movement of particles suspended in gas or liquid (Brownian Motion) causes the scattering of light. It usually demonstrated by passing a ray of light through a sample mixture. It is shown in colloids. It is named after John Tyndall.
• Solution - light passes through and have narrow path and not clearly visible
• Suspension - light does not pass through - appear opaque
• Colloid - light passes through but light scatters