Chem-Phy

• Chemistry


  The science that studies the properties, composition and structures of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Organic Chemistry


  Deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
• Inorganic Chemistry


  Study of all elements and compounds that aren't organic compounds
• Analytical Chemistry


  Study of qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements and compounds
• Biochemistry


  Study of chemical reactions that happen within the biological processes
• Properties of Matter


  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
  • Intrinsic/Intensive Properties
  • Extrinsic/Extensive Properties
• Physical Properties


  Those that a substance shows by itself, without changing or interacting with another substance, e.g. color, melting point, and density
• Chemical Properties


  Those that a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with another substance, e.g. flammability, corrosiveness
• Intrinsic/Intensive Properties


  Independent of the amount of material, e.g. solubility, boiling point, density
• Extrinsic/Extensive Properties


  Dependent on the amount of material, e.g. mass, weight, volume
• Changes in Matter

  • Physical change
  • Chemical Change
• Physical change


  Occurs when a substance alters its physical form, NOT its composition (melting, sublimation, evaporation, condensation, freezing, deposition)
• Chemical Change


  Occurs when a substance is converted into a different substance (chemical reactions such as burning and oxidation)
• States of Matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  Has a fixed shape with particles close together and organized
• Liquid


  Conforms to the container's shape but fills the container only to the extent of the liquid's volume with particles which are close together but disorganized
• Gas


  Conforms to container shape but fills the entire container and with particles far apart and disorganized
• Substances

  • Elements
  • Compounds
• Elements


  Substances made up of only one kind of atom
• Types of Elements

  • Metals (electric conductors)
  • Nonmetals (non-conductors)
  • Metalloids (semi-conductors)
• Compounds


  Substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms; cannot be separated by physical means
• Types of Compounds


  • Acids (turn litmus paper from blue to red)
  • Salts or Neutral compounds
  • Bases (turn litmus paper from red to blue)
• Mixtures

  • Heterogeneous
  • Homogenous
• Heterogeneous


  Mixture of substances of different phases
• Homogenous


  Composition is the same throughout
• Types of Homogenous Mixtures

  • Colloids
  • Suspensions
• Colloids


  Composed of two phases of matter (dispersed and continuous phase)
• Suspensions


  Mixture of liquid and relatively large particles of solids
• Increasing atomic radius


  Increasing metallic property
• Increasing ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity

  Increasing non-metallic character
• Law of Definite Composition


  A compound is formed by combining elements in ratios of simple whole numbers
• Law of Definite Proportion


  Every sample of a specific substance always contains the same proportion by mass of its components
• Law of Multiple Proportions


  If two elements form multiple compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element combining with a fixed mass of the first elements will be in ratios of small whole numbers
• Chemical formula


  Formula that gives the number of atoms of each type in a molecule
• Ions


  Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electric charge. Cations carry positive charges while anions carry negative charges
• Electrically neutral


  If the number of protons (or atomic number) is equal to its number of electrons
• Electrically positive


  If the number of electrons is less than its number of protons
• Electrically negative


  If the number of electrons is greater than its number of protons
• Mole


  Amount of substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules or other particles as 12 grams of pure carbon-12 atoms
• 1 mole= 6.0221415 x 1023 atoms ~ 6.022 x 1023 atoms (Avogadro's number)