human affectivity

• Emotions


  Natural affective reactions which incline us to act or not act in the face of something we know, perceive, or imagine to be good or bad
• Emotions foster some actions and hinder others
• Emotional response depends on the strength of the stimulus, the individual's innate psychosomatic constitution, psychosomatic state, and state of character
• Emotions (in mechanistic terms)

  Physiological reactions to external or internal stimuli
• Emotions have an evolutionary history and foundation in basic survival instincts
• Animals possess and exhibit complex feelings
• There are emotions and causes of emotional experiences that animals do not undergo or understand
• Rationality penetrates the affective dimension of the human person - we can feel things for rational reasons
• Anthropology views emotions as natural to humans and good in themselves, an essential part of becoming fully human, fully ourselves, and fully happy
• Emotions are not inherently negative, something to be rejected or rooted out
• Morality makes a distinction between the emotion/emotional reaction and the decisions/actions made in response
• Extreme emotions can lessen moral culpability by impairing our capacity for reason
• Emotions need to be fully integrated with right reason - the intellect, will and emotions work hand-in-hand towards moral growth
• Training our feelings - the gradual process of integrating emotion and reason that shapes us over our whole life


  1. Repetition of right choices according to reason and against untrained feelings

  2. Exercising our intellect and will
• Virtue


  Habitual and firm disposition to do good
• Sensory appetites/passions


  The connection between internal/external senses and corresponding tendencies/desires
• Concupiscible appetite


  The pleasurable or present appetite
• Irascible appetite


  The appetite which refers to the difficult or future good
• The will is the faculty by which man chooses what he shall do, or does not choose
• Free will is the power to make choices that are unconstrained by necessity or determinism.
• Choice


  The act of deciding between two or more options; selecting one thing over another
• Will


  The faculty (ability) by which man chooses what he shall do or does not choose
• Strategic analysis/ environmental scanning

  An analysis and evaluation process that businesses use to understand their current environment. The aim is to identify trends, gaps, events, developments, and issues that will impact the businesses
• Strategic analysis/ environmental scanning

  A process of gathering, analyzing, and dispensing information for tactical or strategic purposes. Careful monitoring of an organization's internal and external environments for detecting early signs of opportunities and threats that may influence its current and future plans.
• In comparison, surveillance is confined to a specific objective or a narrow sector.
• Strategic analysis/ environmental scanning

  Monitoring and interpreting sweep of social, political, economic, ecological, and technological events to spot budding trends that could eventually impact industry
• Environmental scanning


  • Aids in anticipating changes
  • Answers the question, "Where are we now?"
  • Provides a starting point for businesses' planning of goals, objectives, and actions that answer the question, "Where do we want to be?"
• Environmental scanning


  • Effective utilisation of resources
  • Constant monitoring of resources
  • Analysis of competitor's strategies and formulation of effective counter measures
  • Identification of threats and opportunities
  • Useful for the managers
  • Prediction of future
  • Development of broad strategies and long-term policies of the firm
  • Development of action plans to deal with technological advancements
• Systematic approach to environmental scanning

  1. Information for environmental scanning collected systematically

  2. Information pertaining to business and industry could be collected

  3. Continuously to monitor changes

  4. Continuous updating necessary not only for strategic management but also for operational activities

  5. Information is collected relating to market, customers, changes in legislation, government policy that have a direct impact on organisation
• Adhoc approach to environmental scanning

  1. Organisations conduct special surveys and studies to undertake special projects, evaluate existing strategies or devise new strategies

  2. Changes and unforeseen developments may also be investigated
• Processed form approach to environmental scanning

  1. Information used is supplied by government agencies or private institutions

  2. Secondary data available from external and internal sources may also be used
• Factors relating to nature of environment

  • Complexity
  • Flexibility
  • Hostility
  • Diversity
• Factors relating to strategists

  • Age, education and experience
  • Motivational level
  • Ability to withstand pressure and strain
  • Interpersonal relations
• Factors relating to the strategies

  • Corporate level strategy to achieve corporate objective
  • Sub level strategy for specific purpose and to help master strategy
  • Functional level strategy how the strategy is translated into functions like marketing, finance, production etc
• Business Environment


  It consists of all those factors that have bearing on the business. It refers to a set of conditions – Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are uncontrollable in nature and affects the functioning of organization.
• Types of Business Environment

  • Internal Environment
  • External Environment
• Internal Environment


  The factors which can be controlled by company or Primary factors which directly affects the growth of organization e.g man, material, money, machinery and management.
• Types of Internal Environment

  • Value System
  • Mission & Objectives
  • Management Structure and Nature
  • Internal Power relationship
  • Human Resources
  • Company Image & Brand Equity
• External Environment


  Those factors which are beyond the control of business enterprise are included in external environment.
• Types of External Environment

  • Micro Environment
  • Macro Environment