General Terms

• Organic molecules are molecules that contains hydrogen and carbon
• All living things contains these macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and protein
• Macromolecules are large that contains thousands of carbon and hydrogen atoms, and typically composed of many smaller molecules bonded together
• Cells make macromolecules by linking together relatively small molecules together, forming chains called polymers
• The subunit that serves as the building blocks of polymers is called the monomer.
• A functional group is a group of atoms of a particular arrangement that give a molecule its characteristic properties.
• Organic chemists use the letter R to indicate an organic molecule
• Monomers are made into polymers via dehydration synthesis reactions
• Polymers are broken down into monomers via hydrolysis reactions
• The polymer of a carbohydrate is called the starch
• The monomer of a carbohydrate is called monosaccharide
• The monomer of a lipid is called fatty acids or glycerol
• The polymer of a lipid is called triglycerides
• The monomer of a protein is called amino acid
• The polymer of a protein is called a polypeptide.
• The monomer of nucleic acid is nucleotides
• the polymer of a nucleic acid is a polynucleotide or the DNA strand
• Condensation is a reaction in which two molecules are linked together to form a single molecule, wherein water is often removed
• Hydrolysis is the reaction in which a macromolecule is broken down into smaller molecules
• simple sugars are called monosaccharides
• Double sugars are called disaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates or sugars are called polysaccharides
• The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids.
• proteios is the Greek word for protein meaning the first preeminence or first importance
• Proteins are the fundamental constituent of the protoplasm of the cell that gives the tissue its "biological specifity"
• Catalyst are the substances that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction or the enzyme used for chemical reactions
• ferritin acts as a storage for iron
• hemoglobin transports oxygen to erythrocytes
• myoglobin carries and stores oxygen in the muscles
• albumin transports free fatty acids in blood
• transferrin carries iron in the blood
• insulin is a hormone that is used to control blood sugar levels
• Fibrous protein is a classification of a protein that is a long chain molecule, water insoluble, used as a structural component to support and shape the cells, and hence the tissues, e.g. keratin, collagen, etc.
• globular protein is a classification of a protein that is folded-globular molecule that play biological role, such that it may act as enzymes, hormones, or antibodies.
• conjugated protein is a classification of protein that is associated with a non-protein molecule, and maybe globular or fibrous
• Proteins are able to act as an enzyme due to their shape. For example, the enzyme molecule is shaped like the reactant, allowing the reactant to bind closely to the enzyme
• amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
• Peptide bond is formed by condensation reaction in amino acid, wherein the H in the amino group is removed the molecule, whilst also having OH removed in the carboxyl group of the other
• Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot synthesize, produce or metabolize, thus must be obtained from the diet
• Non-essential amino acids are amino acids that the body can produce, even if we can't get it from the food that we eat