Cell Structure

• cell structure

  referred to as "little organs"
• all cells have the main three:

  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • DNA
• 2 main types of cells:

  • eukaryotic cells: plants & animals
  • prokaryotic cells: bacteria
• Prokaryotes has no nucleus & don't have membrane-bound organelles
• Prokaryotes are connected to: archaea & bacteria
• Prokaryotes existed 4 billion years ago
• Prokayotes are smaller in size w/ the simplest composition
• Prokaryotes is the largest group
• Eukaryotes can be micellular / multicellular
• Eukaryotes have nucleus & have membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotes are connected to: protists, fungi, plants, animals
• Eukaryotes are the advanced group
• Eukaryotes: larger in size w/ a more complex composition
• Eukaryotes & prokaryotes both have:

  • an outer cell membrane
  • ribosomes & DNA
  • cytoplasm & cell walls
• ECA : nucleus


  "control system", contains the genetic material DNA (chromosomes)
• ECA : nucleolus

  site for ribosome synthesis
• ECA : cell membrane

  the outer covering. it supports & protects the cells as a guard. also helps monitoring the movement in & out
• ECA : cytoskeleton

  gives structural strength & is responsible for cellular movement
• ECA : centrosome

  for reproduction ; aids in cell division
• ECA : cytosplasm

  jelly-like material where all organelles are embedded. contains the cytosol which is its liquid part
• ECA : golgi apparatus


  modifies, concentrates, & packs directing the substances to the required destinations
• ECA : endoplasmic reticulum

  channel for transport & provides mechanical support

  • Rough ER - ribosomes are attached to them whilst also helping in facilitating protein synthesis & conversion of amino acids.
  • Smooth ER - lacks ribosomes & facilitates lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, & other biochemical reactions
• ECA : mitochondria


  • produces & provides energy for cellular metabolism
  • the powerhouse of the cell
  • produces ATP
• ECA : lysosome


  protects the cell by destroying foreign invaders like bacteria & viruses
• ECA : vesicles


  help transport materials that organisms need to survive
• ECP : cell wall


  most prominent part of a plant cell
• ECP : chloroplasts

  converts light energy to chemical energy as food for plants
• ECP : leucoplast 


  colorless plastids found in storage cells of roots & underground stems
• ECP : chromoplasts

  • noticeably in warm colors: red, yellow, orange
  • xantrophyll (yellow, carotene (orange-red)
• ECP : vacuole


  sack-life structure that stores various substances mostly water in plant cells
• PC : capsule


  slime, outermost layer
• PC : cell wall


  external plasma membrane
• PC : flagellum


  responsible for the movement of the cell
• PC : pili

  hairlike projections that play a role in the movement & are involved in facilitating infections