chap 12 part 2

• Stimulus Response theories


  Equated with the behavioral modification theory, using simple external stimuli to observe subject's learning responses to positive and negative reinforcement
• Ivan Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Theory


  Investigated the capacity of animals to learn new stimuli and connect them to natural reflexes, allowing non-natural cues to elicit a natural reflex
• Classical Conditioning


  1. Neutral stimulus (bell) paired with unconditioned stimulus (food)

  2. Conditioned stimulus (bell) elicits conditioned response (salivation)
• Factors affecting conditioned stimulus-response relationship

  • Frequency of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus pairings
  • Timing of stimulus presentation
  • Similarities between conditioned stimuli
• Extinction


  Conditioned response gradually eliminated by repeatedly presenting conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus
• Spontaneous recovery


  Extinct conditioned response reappears after a rest period when conditioned stimulus is applied again
• Edward Thorndike's Connectionism Theory


  First scientific theory of learning, focused on effects of reward, punishment, success/failure, satisfaction/annoyance on the learner
• Thorndike's 3 laws of learning

  • Law of exercise/repetition
  • Law of effect
  • Law of readiness
• Law of exercise/repetition


  The more often a stimulus-induced response is repeated, the longer it will be retained
• Law of effect


  A response is strengthened if followed by pleasure and weakened if followed by displeasure
• Law of readiness


  Certain conduction units in a given situation are more predisposed to function than others
• B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory

  Describes the effects of consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior
• 4 types of Operant Conditioning

  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Extinction
• Positive reinforcement


  Reward or recognition that strengthens behavior
• Negative reinforcement


  Punishment or extinction that weakens behavior
• Punishment


  Weakens a particular behavior through the consequence of experiencing a negative condition
• Extinction


  Weakens a particular behavior through the consequence of not experiencing either a positive or a negative condition
• John Watson's Behaviorism Theory


  Naturalistic, man is nothing more than a machine, not responsible for actions, manipulative
• Edwin Ray Guthrie's Contiguity Theory

  Learning based on stimulus-response association, one-trial learning, forgetting due to associative inhibition
• Cognitive Theories on Learning


  Focus on learner's ability to solve problems based on past experiences and develop new solutions
• Kohler's Insight Theory


  Animals can solve problems through understanding and insight learning, not just trial-and-error
• Kohler's experiment with chimpanzee Sultan


  • Sultan stacked boxes to reach bananas
• Kurt Lewin's Field Theory


  Behavior derived from totality of coexisting facts, life space containing person's psychological environment
• Zeigarnik Effect


  Waiters/waitresses remembered orders better before customers paid, than after
• Jerome Bruner's Discovery Theory


  Inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory where learner draws on past experiences and knowledge to discover new facts and relationships
• Psychological environment


  The environment as the person perceives and understands it
• The Field Theory


  1. The Zeigarnik Effect

  2. Waiters and waitresses in a café in Berlin did not write down orders but kept them in mind

  3. After customers paid, waiters and waitresses barely remembered the orders
• Jerome Brunner's Discovery Theory


  An inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that takes place in problem solving situations where the learner draws on past experiences and existing knowledge to discover facts, relationships and new truths
• Constructive learning theory


  • Encourages active engagement
  • Promotes motivation and interest to learn
  • Promotes autonomy, responsibility, independence
  • Develops creativity and problem solving skills
  • Initiates a tailored learning experience
• Critics have cited disadvantages of the constructive learning theory
• Rumelhart's Schema Theory


  • A theory about how knowledge is represented and how that representation facilitates the use of such knowledge
  • Schemata are knowledge structures or frameworks that organize an individual's memory for people and events
  • Schemata act on all forms of information, irrespective of the model: visual, auditory, linguistic or nonlinguistic
• David Ausubel's Assimilation Theory


  The most meaningful cognitive learning occurs as a result of interaction between new information and the individual's relevant cognitive structures that he or she already possesses or have previously acquired
• Ausubel's knowledge dimensions


  • Meaningful reception learning
  • Rote reception learning
  • Meaningful discovery learning
  • Rote discovery learning
• Types of Meaningful Learning

  • Representational or Vocabulary Learning
  • Concept Learning
  • Propositional Learning
• Concept formation


  Develops in young children which occurs from objects seen and heard
• Concept assimilation


  Develops in school children and adults with empirical reasoning and logical implications of events leading towards knowledge acquisition and application
• Meaningful learning requires 3 criteria: appropriate learning set, logical meaning of learning task, and relevant cognitive structures
• Social learning theories


  Explain human behavior and their changes as a product of interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmental determinants
• Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory


  • Learning involves functionalism, interactionalism, and significant symbolism
  • Individuals are capable of self-regulation and self-direction
  • The theory of reciprocal determinism means that the individual and environmental influences are interdependent
• Conditions Necessary for Effective Modeling

  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation