Lecture

• Emotions are evolutionarily adaptive
• Culture influences how we express emotions and which emotions are valued
• Most research on emotions is Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic(WEIRD)
• At birth, babies usually experience a dichotomy between pleasure and distress in terms of emotions
• At birth, babies show interest, distress, disgust and contentment as primary emotions
• Within 2 to 3 months, babies can do social smiles where their smiles are due to a specific interaction(before this time range, smiles are more reflexive)
• Within 2 to 6 months, babies experience anger, sadness, joy, surprise and fear
• Within birth to 7 months, babies undergo and develop basic emotions
• Anger is felt later on by babies when they start to want things; feeling that way when they realize they can't have what they want. It develops this way because babies first have to realize that they have an effect on the world
• After 18 months, babies develop complex emotions which are: embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy and pride
• Complex emotions develop after 18 months because of the social skills/understanding they require
• Infants can visually discriminate emotional displays.
• Social referencing is when you use emotions of others to make sense of vague situations
• Under 3 years old, children are bad at labeling emotional expressions; this improves across childhood
• At around middle/ate childhood: there's increased emotional concealment and improved ability to regulate sources of emotional reactions
• In adolescence: there's increased emotional "highs" and "lows" and emotion regulation skills are refined for many but are worse for some(depending on parents/relationship with them)
• In adulthood: there are more mellow emotions and oldheads(50 to mid 80s) display an increase in positive emotions and a decrease in negative emotions
• Attachment is a bidirectional relationship
• Asocial phase(0 to 6 weeks): roots of attachment established for mother's smell/sight/sound and responding to social/non-social stimuli. By the end of this phase, they prefer social stimuli more
• Indiscriminate attachments phase(6 weeks to 7 months): smile more at people than non-people, want to be held and they respond stronger to their caregiver
• Specific attachment phase(7 to 9 months): Formation of genuine attachment and it becomes a safe base(Feel safe around figure of attachment). They have a fear of strangers at this point as well
• Multiple attachments Phase(9 to 18 months): become attached to other important people
• Reciprocal Relationships Phase(18 months+): become better partners, initiate interactions and cope with separation better
• By ages 4-5, attachment behaviors become less observable but under stress, you may say those behaviors emerging again.
• Secure attachment: obvious use of caregiver as safe base; may or may not cry during separation but are happy upon reunion
• Insecure attachments fall under: avoidant, resistant and disorganized/disoriented
• Avoidant is the most common type of insecure attachment; not too much stress from the lack of caregiver and don't show an extreme difference in treatment between caregiver and stranger
• Resistant insecure attachment styles: stays very close to caregiver but aren't treated as a safe base because of lack of explatory behaviour(they clingy as shit). Extremely distressed when caregiver leaves and angry upon reunion. Also very wary of strangers.
• Disorganized/Disoriented insecure attachment: confused about whether they should approach their caregiver or not upon reunion and often occurs because of neglect. This is the most rare type
• Parental sensitivity: the ability to respond to the needs of the child and being consistent in this.
• Parental sensitivity has a big impact on attachment styles
• Temperament is referred to a babies personality
• Internal working model in context of development: Expectations of how relationships play out.
• Attachment quality impacts the internal working model of relationships
• Internal working models are pretty established by the age of 5
• Internal working models can change as a result of good relationships sometimes
• Secure attachments will increase likelihoods of forming stable romantic relationships
• Insecure attachments are linked to becoming and remaining depressed
• Romantic partners become secure bases as well
• Secure attachment in childhood predicts secure attachment to spouse