COMMUNICABLE DISEASE PART 1

• Epidemiology


  Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems
• Communicable Diseases


  • Malaria
  • Filariasis
  • Typhoid Fever
  • Dysentery
  • Cholera
  • Measles
  • Mumps
  • Rubella
  • Chicken Pox
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Ascariasis
  • Enterobiasis
  • Ancylostosomiasis
  • Schistomiasis
  • Rabies
• Malaria


  Causative Agent: Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae (Protozoa)

  Signs and Symptoms: Recurrent fever preceded by chills and profuse sweating, malaise, anemia

  Mode of Transmission: Vector (female Anopheles mosquito)

  Incubation Period: 7 days or longer
• Malaria Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  History of having been in a malaria endemic area: Palawan and Mindoro

  2. Blood smear
• Malaria Treatment


  • Chloroquine phosphate 250 mg--all species except P. malariae

  Sulfadoxine 50 mg-For resistant P. falciparum

  Primaquine-For relapse P. vivax and P. ovale

  Pyrimethamine 25 mg/tab

  Quinine sulfate 300 mg/tab

  Tetracycline HCl 250 mg/cap

  Quinidine sulfate 200 mg/durules
• Malaria Prevention and Control

  • Mosquito control

  Chemical methods-use of insecticides

  Biological methods-stream seeding

  Zooprophylaxis-larvae-eating fish, farm animals should be kept near the house

  Environmental methods-cleaning irrigating canals

  Protective screening of windows and doors of houses

  Educational methods

  Mechanical methods-use of fly swats or traps

  Universal precaution

  Screening of blood donors
• Filariasis


  Causative Agent: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi

  Mode of Transmission: Bite of mosquito

  Incubation Period: 8 to 16 months

  Vector: Aedes poecilus, Culex quinquefasciatus

  Signs and Symptoms: chills, fever, myalgia, lymphangitis with gradual thickening of the skin (commonly affecting limbs, scrotum) resulting in elephantiasis and hydrocele
• Filariasis Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  Circulating filarial antigen (CFA)-finger prick
• Filariasis Treatment


  Diethylcarbamazine citrate (Hetrazan)
• Filariasis Prevention and Control

  Eradication of vectors
• Typhoid Fever


  Causative Agent: Salmonella typhosa

  Mode of Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food or water with feces or urine of infected individuals

  Incubation Period: 7 to 14 days

  Signs and Symptoms: 1. Prodromal: headache, fever, ancrexia, lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain

  2. Fastigial: ladder-like curve of temperature, rose spots on trunks, spleenomegaly

  3. Defervescence: fever gradually subsides, onset of complications such as hemorrhage, peritonitis
• Typhoid Fever Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination

  Typhidot test
• Typhoid Fever Treatment


  Chloramphenicol
• Typhoid Fever Prevention and Control


  • sanitary disposal of feces, practice hand washing, avoid feces, fomites, flies, food, fluids (5 Fs) that carry the infection, immunization with Typhoid vaccine 0.5 ml per IM single dose at any age from 2 years old up
• Typhoid Fever Nursing Care

  practice enteric precaution and observe character of stool for signs of bleeding
• Dysentery


  Causative Agent: Shigella dysenteriae

  Mode of Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food or water

  Signs and Symptoms: High grade fever, colicky abdominal pain with tenderness, diarrhea with straining, bloody mucoid stool

  Incubation Period: 3-4 days
• Dysentery Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  Stool examination
• Dysentery Treatment


  • Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol
• Dysentery Prevention and Control

  • Safe water supply, Handwashing
• Dysentery Nursing Care


  monitor intake and output and observe for signs of dehydration, rehydration by increasing fluid intake or drink Oresol
• Cholera


  Causative Agent: Vibrio cholerae (El Tor)

  Mode of Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk

  Incubation Period: 1 to 3 days

  Signs and Symptoms: rapid explosive watery stool and vomiting
• Cholera Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  Stool Exam
• Cholera Treatment


  • Tetracycline, Furazolidone
• Cholera Prevention and Control

  • Boiling and chlorination of water, sanitary disposal of human waste, administer vaccine per orem with a dosage of 1.5 ml at a minimum age of 12 months for 2 doses with 2 weeks interval
• Cholera Nursing Care


  Increase fluid intake, administer oral rehydrating solutions
• Measles


  Causative Agent: Morbili virus that belongs to the family paramyxoviridae

  Mode of Transmission: Airborne

  Incubation Period: 8 to 20 days, average of 10 days

  Signs and Symptoms: acute onset of fever, rhinitis, conjuctivitis, bronchitis, excessive lacrimation, Koplik's spots (clustered white lesions) on the buccal mucosa, stomatitis, maculo papular rashes that begin on the face and become generalized; can progress into severe complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis and death
• Measles Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  tissue culture of naso-pharyngeal secretions and serological testing
• Measles Treatment


  supportive care, antibiotic if with complications like pneumonia
• Measles Prevention and Control

  • administer measles vaccine (MMR vaccine) at the age of 9 and 12 months
• Measles Nursing Care


  administer antipyretic, provide eye, nasal and oral care, strict isolation, increase fluid intake
• Mumps


  Causative Agent: Mumps virus from paramyxovirus

  Mode of Transmission: airborne or droplets, or direct contact with saliva or infected person

  Incubation Period: 16 to 18 days, range of 14 to 25 days

  Communicability Period: 2 days before to 4 days after onset of parotitis but range can be 7 days before to 15 days after onset

  Signs and Symptoms: acute onset of fever, painful swelling of the salivary or parotid glands, headache; complications range from meningo-encephalitis to permanent hearing impairment and orchitis in post pubescent males, but rarely sterility
• Mumps Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  isolation of virus from oral and throat spray, urine and cerebrospinal fluid
• Mumps Treatment


  Supportive care
• Mumps Prevention and Control

  • Mumps vaccine (MMR vaccine) given at 9 and 12 months
• Mumps Nursing Care


  apply warm and cold compress for pain on affected area, strict isolation, use of mask when handling patient, terminal disinfection, provide oral care, and provide soft to semi-solid food
• Rubella or German Measles


  Causative Agent: Rubella togaviridae virus family

  Mode of Transmission: Droplet and direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions of infected person

  Incubation Period: 10 to 21 days

  Signs and Symptoms: fever, headache, malaise, maculopapular rash, enlarged post auricular occipital and posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, sore throat, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, forchheimer's spot (small red spots) on the soft palate
• Rubella Laboratory/Diagnostic Examination


  serological testing
• Rubella Treatment


  supportive care but for exposed pregnant woman in 1" trimester or 2nd trimester, serum immune globulin is administered to protect the fetus
• Rubella Prevention and Control


  • Rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine) at the age of 9 and 12 months
• Rubella Nursing Care


  administer antipyretic, increase fluid intake, bed rest