les 6

• Vaccines used today for immunization are made with:

  • inactivated bacterial toxins • killed or weakened pathogens • Microbial proteins • genes encoding microbial proteins
• verstoring in immun stysteem

  Allergies • Auto-immune disorders • Immunodeficiency disorder
• Inborn immunodeficiency


  results from a genetic or developmental defect in the innate or adaptive defenses, or both
• Acquired immunodeficiency


  develops later in life due to exposure to chemical and biological agents
• Antigenic variation:


  Some pathogens can change epitope expression and prevent recognition by the host
• Latency


  Some viruses may remain in a host in an inactive state