The Cell, Biomolecules, and its Cycle

• Cellular Organization

  Has to be made up of cells

  
  

  Multicellular - many-celled

  
  

  Unicellular - single-celled
• Homeostasis


  Tendency to maintain internal stability while adjusting to conditions for survival
• Reproduction


  Ability to reproduce
• Metabolism


  All chemical reactions involved in an organism's body
• Response to stimuli

  Reacts to detectable change
• Growth and Development


  Grow and develop into more complex organism
• Adaptation


  Able to adjust over time
• Biosphere


  Region of the earth where life can be found
• Ecosystem


  Interacting non-living and living components of the environment
• Community


  Various groups of organisms interacting in a defined area
• Population


  Individuals of the same species in a particular area
• Organism


  Made up of organ systems that may or may not be separate in function but are mutually dependent
• Organ System


  Group of organs that are organized together to perform a certain function/s
• Organ


  Part of an organism that is composed of tissues adapted together to performs a specific function
• Tissues


  A collection of cells with similar structure that perform specific functions
• Cells


  Basic structural unit of every living organism<|>Basic building block of life<|>Smallest unit that can perform all life processes
• Plasma membrane or the cell membrane


  One of the basic organelles shared by all cells
• Cytosol


  One of the basic organelles shared by all cells
• Chromosomes


  One of the basic organelles shared by all cells
• Ribosomes


  One of the basic organelles shared by all cells
• Viruses lack nuclei, organelles, and cytoplasm
• Viruses are not made up of cells
• Viruses are made up of a set of genes bundled within a capsid
• Cytokinesis


  The process where the cytoplasm divides
• Stages of Mitosis

  1. Prophase - chromosomes condense

  2. Metaphase - chromosomes at equatorial plate (middle)

  3. Anaphase - chromatids separate from each other

  4. Telophase - chromosomes return to uncondensed state

  5. Cytokinesis - Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells
• Light-Dependent Reaction


  Occurs in the thylakoid; Light strikes both Photosystems I and II simultaneously
• Krebs Cycle

  Takes place in mitochondria during aerobic respiration
• Eukaryotic cells

  Have nuclei
• Spindle fibers


  Help separate the chromosomes during mitosis
• Centrosome


  Organelle in cytoplasm made up of two centrioles; organizing center
• Centrioles


  Microtubule unit which forms the centrosome
• Centromere


  Where the cell's spindle fibers attach
• Asexual Reproduction


  Offspring arises from single organism as an exact copy of parent cell
• Sexual Reproduction


  Fusion of gametes to produce offspring
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Network of membranes connected with the nuclear envelope that is responsible for processing and transport of proteins
• Golgi Apparatus


  Where proteins and other molecules are received, sorted, shipped, and sometimes manufactured; "warehouse" of the cell
• Ribosomes


  Site of protein synthesis
• Mitochondria


  "Powerhouse" of the cell; site for cellular respiration, the metabolic processes producing ATP by using oxygen
• Cell Wall


  Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, prevents excessive uptake of water, protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein
• Chloroplast


  Photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules; contain the green pigment chlorophyll