anatomy and physiology

• A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

  homeostasis
• the science of body structures and the relationships among them.

  anatomy
• the careful cutting apart of body structure to study their relationships.

  dissection
• the science of body functions—how the body parts work.

  physiology
• The first eight weeks of development after fertilization

  of a human egg.

  Embryology
• The complete development of an

  individual from fertilization to death.

  Developmental biology
• Cellular structure and functions.

  Cell Biology
• Microscopic structure of tissues.

  Histology
• Structures that can be examined without a microscope.

  Gross anatomy
• Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or

  respiratory systems.

  Systemic anatomy
• Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.

  Regional anatomy
• Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy

  through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).

  Surface anatomy
• Body structures that can be visualized with techniques such

  as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans.

  Imaging anatomy/anatomical imaging
• Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with

  disease.

  Pathological anatomy
• Functional properties of nerve cells.

  Neurophysiology
• Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control

  body functions.

  Endocrinology
• Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

  Cardiovascular physiology

  
  

  cardio- heart

  vascular-blood vessels
• The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.

  Immunology
• Functions of the air passageways and lungs.

  Respiratory physiology
• Changes in cell and organ functions

  due to muscular activity.

  Exercise physiology
• Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

  Pathophysiology
• This very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.

  Chemical level.
• Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Just as words are the smallest elements of language that make sense, cells are the smallest living

  units in the human body.

  Cellular level.
• groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form

  sentences.

  Tissue level.
• different types of tissues are joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.

  Organ level.
• (chapter in our language analogy) consists of related organs (paragraphs) with a common function. An example of the system level, also called the organ-

  system, level is the digestive system, which breaks down and absorbs food.

  System level.
• any living individual, can be compared to a book in our analogy. All the

  parts of the human body functioning together constitute the

  total organism.

  Organismal level.
• Levels of structural organization in the human body:


  -chemical level

  -cellular level

  -tissue level

  -organ level

  -system level/organ system level

  -organismal level/the body
• system that is the outer layer of the body

  INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• Noninvasive procedures do not involve tools that break the skin or physically enter the body. Examples include x-rays, a standard eye exam, CT scan, MRI, ECG, and Holter monitoring.


  noninvasive diagnostic technique
• organ system that comprises the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. It is the langest organ system in the human body and serves several vital functions

  integumentary system
• The outermost layer of the skin, composed primarily of epithelial tissue. It provides a waterproof barrier and contains cells (keratinocytes) that produce keratin, a tough protein.


  Epidermis
• The deeper layer of the skin composed mainly of connective tissue. It contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.


  Dermis
• This layer lies beneath the dermis and consists of adipose (fat) tissue. It serves as insulation, energy storage, and shock absorption.

  Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
• epidermis

  dermis

  hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)


  skin
• skin


  epidermis

  dermis

  hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
• Hair follicles are embedded in the dermis and produce hair, which serves various functions such as insulation, protection from UV radiation, and sensory perception.

  Hair
• hard structures made of keratinized cells. They protect the fingertips and toes, assist in grasping objects, and provide support for delicate tissues.

  Nails
• A gland that makes substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, and digestive juices, and releases them through a duct or opening to a body surface. 

  exocrine glands
• These glands secrete sweat, which helps regulate body temperature by cooling the skin surface through evaporation.

  Sweat Glands