States of Matter

• What are the three states of matter?

  Here:

  • Solid
  • Gas
  • liquid
• How strong the forces are depends on three things:

  Here:

  1. the material
  2. the temperature
  3. the pressure
• Arrangement of Solid:

  Here:

  • There are strong forces of attraction between particles, which hold them close together in fixed positions to form a very regular lattice arrangement
  • The particles don't move from their positions, so all solids keep a definite shape and volume, and don't flow like liquids
  • The particles vibrate about their positions - the hotter the solid becomes, the more they vibrate, this causes solids to expand slightly when heated
• Arrangement of Liquids:

  Here:

  1. There is a weak force of attraction between the particles. They're randomly arranged and free to move past each other, but they tend to stick closely together
  2. Liquids have a definite volume but don't keep a definite shape, and will flow to fill the bottom of a container
  3. The particles are constantly moving with random motion. The hotter the liquid gets, the faster they move. This causes liquids to expand slightly when heated
• Arrangement of gases:

  Here:

  1. The forces of attraction between the particles is very weak - they're free to move and are far apart. The particles in gases travel in straight lines
  2. Gases don't keep a definite shape or volume and will always fill any container
  3. The particles move constantly with random motion. The hotter the gas gets, the faster they move. Gases either expand when heated, or their pressure increase.
• Which state of matter has the most kinetic energy?

  Gas
• Which state of matter has the least kinetic energy?

  Solids
• What is a solution?

  Solution is a mixture of a solute and a solvent that does not separate out
• What is a solute?


  Solute is the substance being dissolved
• What is a solvent

  Solvent is the liquid it's dissolving into
• What is a Saturated Solution?

  A saturated solution is a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, so no more solute with dissolve in the solution
• What gas does aqueous ammonia give of?

  Aqueous ammonia(NH3) gives off ammonia gas
• What gas does Hydrchloric acid give of?

  Hydrochloric acid (HCL) gives off hydrogen chloride gas
• What will be the result in Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride experiment?

  You'll get a white ring of ammonia chloride forming in the glass tube
• What happens in the Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride experiment?

  The ammonia gas diffuses from one of the tube and the HCL gas diffuses from the other.

  When they meet, they react to form ammonia chloride
• In the Ammonia Hydrogen Chloride experiment, where does the white ring appear?

  The ring doesn't form exactly in the middle of the glass tube - it forms nearest the end of the tube where the hydrochloric acid was
• In the Ammonia Hydrogen Chloride experiment, why does the ring form nearest to where the hydrochloric acid is?

  This because the particles of ammonia are smaller and lighter than the particles of hydrogen chloride, so they diffuse through the air more quickly
• What is bromine gas?

  Bromine gas is a brown, strongly smelling, which can be used to demonstrate diffusion in gases
• What is the experiment with Bromine gas and air?

  The experiment is:

  1. Fill half a gas jar full of bromine gas, and the other half full of air - separate the gases with a glass plate
  2. When you remove the glass plate, you'll see the brown bromine gas slowly diffusing through the air
  3. The random motion of the particles means that the bromine will eventually diffuse through the air
• Diffusion:

  Is the movement of particles from a high concentration to low concentration