anaphy & physiology (Chapter 1 Human organism0

• Anatomy


  Investigates body structure, the term means to dissect
• Physiology


  Investigates processes and functions, studies the human organism
• Systemic Physiology


  Studies body organ-systems
• Cellular Physiology


  Studies body cells
• Importance of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Understand how the body responds to stimuli, environmental changes, environmental cues, diseases, injury
• Types of Anatomy


  • Systemic
  • Regional
  • Surface
  • Anatomical imaging
• Structural and Functional Organization

  1. Chemical

  2. Cellular

  3. Tissues

  4. Organs

  5. Organ-System

  6. Organism
• Organ-System is a group of organs contributing to some function
• Organism is all organ systems working together, including associated microorganisms
• Major Organs of the Body

  • Heart
  • Lungs
  • Liver
  • Stomach
  • Kidneys
• Organ Systems of the Body

  • Digestive System
  • Respiratory System
  • Circulatory System
  • Nervous System
  • Urinary System
• Characteristics of Life


  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
• Variables


  Measures of body properties that may change in value, e.g. body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
• Normal range


  Normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point
• Set point


  Normal, or average value of a variable
• Set points for some variables can be temporarily adjusted depending on body activities, as needed
• Negative feedback


  Main mechanism used for homeostatic regulation, involves detection of deviation away from set point and correction to reverse deviation toward set point and normal range
• Components of feedback


  1. Receptor

  2. Control center

  3. Effector
• Positive feedback mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response, causing progressive deviation away from set point
• Positive feedback is not directly used for homeostasis, but can occur under normal conditions, e.g. childbirth
• Anatomical position


  Person standing erect with face and palms forward, all relational descriptions based on this position
• Directional Terms


  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
• Body Planes


  • Sagittal
  • Median
  • Transverse
  • Frontal
• Planes of section through an organ can be sagittal, transverse, or frontal
• Body Regions


  • Upper limbs
  • Lower limbs
  • Central region
• Subdivisions of the Abdomen


  • Upper abdomen
  • Lower abdomen
  • Right abdomen
  • Left abdomen
• Thoracic cavity


  Space within chest wall and diaphragm, contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
• Mediastinum


  Space between lungs, contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea
• Abdominal cavity


  Space between diaphragm and pelvis, contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys
• Pelvic cavity


  Space within pelvis, contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine
• Serous membranes


  Line trunk cavities, cover organs, consist of visceral and parietal membranes with a fluid-filled cavity between
• Sets of serous membranes and cavities

  • Pericardium and pericardial cavity
  • Pleura and pleural cavity
  • Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
• Pericardium


  Visceral pericardium covers heart, parietal pericardium is thick and fibrous, pericardial cavity reduces friction
• Pleura


  Visceral pleura covers lungs, parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax, pleural cavity reduces friction and adheres lungs to thoracic wall
• Peritoneum


  Visceral peritoneum covers and anchors organs, parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity reduces friction
• Blood vessels include arteries (carry blood away from the heart), veins (return blood back to the heart), and capillaries (smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins).
• The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.
• The left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body.
• The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digestion.