Bio-Paper 1 🌿

• Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

  mouth, stomach, and small intestine
• Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

  Biuret reagent

  
• Which disease is caused by a fungus?

  Rose black spot
• Name the cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata.

  guard cells
• What are eukaryotic cells?

  Cells that contain a true nucleus
• What structures do eukaryotic cells consist of?

  A cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus
• What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

  It contains DNA and controls the actions of the cell
• What is the role of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

  They synthesize proteins
• What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

  They are the site for aerobic respiration
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  A cell wall, chloroplasts, and a permanent vacuole
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They absorb light for photosynthesis
• What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  It stores cell sap and helps keep the cell rigid
• What are prokaryotic cells?

  Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound structures
• How does bacterial DNA differ from eukaryotic DNA?

  Bacterial DNA exists as a single circular chromosome
• What are plasmids in bacteria?

  Small circles of DNA that can carry genes for antibiotic resistance
• What is binary fission in bacteria?

  A method of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two
• If a bacterium divides every 20 minutes, how many bacteria will there be after 1 hour starting from 1 bacterium?

  8 bacteria
• What conditions are necessary for culturing bacteria?

  Sufficient nutrients and a suitable temperature
• At what temperature is E. coli typically cultured in industry?

  37 degrees Celsius
• Why is it important to sterilize petri dishes and inoculating loops?

  To ensure only the desired bacteria are cultured
• What is the purpose of the zone of inhibition test?

  To determine the antimicrobial properties of substances
• What is the role of palisade cells in plants?

  They have extra chloroplasts for absorbing light energy
• How do root hair cells maximize water and mineral absorption?

  They have an extended shape to increase surface area
• What is the function of xylem in plants?

  To transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves
• What is transpiration in plants?

  The process of water movement from roots to leaves
• What are the best conditions for transpiration?

  Hot, dry, light, and windy conditions
• What are stem cells?

  Undifferentiated cells that can develop into specialized cells
• How do embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells?

  Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type
• What is therapeutic cloning?

  Creating an embryo with the same genes as a patient for stem cell treatment
• What are the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research?

  The embryo cannot consent and may lead to viral transfer
• What is microscopy?

  The science of making things look bigger for study
• What is the difference between resolution and magnification?

  Resolution is the smallest measurement, while magnification is how much bigger an image appears
• What are the two types of microscopes mentioned?

  Light microscopes and electron microscopes
• What is the maximum magnification of light microscopes?

  About 1500 times
• What is the resolution of the best light microscopes?

  As good as 0.2 micrometers
• What is the advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?

  They have much greater magnification and resolution
• What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

  Up to 500,000 times
• What is the resolution of an electron microscope?

  As good as a single nanometer
• How do you calculate magnification using the triangle method?

  Magnification = size of image / size of object
• What is the required practical method for light microscopy?

  Start with the stage high, use the lowest power lens, and focus using the coarse and fine wheels