Motivation and Emotion (ITP)

• Motivation


  The activating properties of the processes involved in psychological motivation, derived from the Latin word movere meaning "to move"
• Emotion


  One of the primary forces that activates or energizes our behaviors, derived from the Latin word movere (to move)

  
• Motivation is a psychological phenomenon which generates within an individual. A person feels the lack of certain needs, to satisfy which he feels working more. The need satisfying ego motivates a person to do better than he normally does.
• Motivated behavior arises through expectation of reward or avoidance of punishment.
• Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  • Physiological, Security, Social, Esteem, and Self-actualizing
• Emotion


  Refers to a wide range of subjective states, such as LOVE, FEAR, and EXCITEMENT

  
• Emotion


  Consists of Three Elements: Feelings, Physiological Responses, and Behavior

  
• Merriam-Webster defines emotion as a conscious and subjective mental reaction toward a particular event and is usually accompanied by changes in the physiologic and behavioural aspects of a person.

  
• According to the American Psychological Association (APA), emotion is defined as "a complex reaction pattern, involving experiential, behavioral and physiological elements." Emotions are how individuals deal with matters or situations they find personally significant.

  
• William James' definition of emotion


  Emotions are the sensation of bodily changes, or as he put it, "the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion"

  
• Theories of Motivation

  • Instinct Theory
  • Drive Theory
  • Arousal Theory
  • Incentive Theory
  • Expectancy Theories
  • Cognitive Theory
  • Humanistic Theory
  • Achievement Theory
• Instinct Theory


  • Organisms are born with a set of biologically based behavior essential for survival of the species. [Sigmund Freud's LIFE instincts (Such as sex) and DEATH INSTINCTS ( aggression and destruction)]
• Drive Theory


  Refers to the uncomfortable state of tension that moves an organism to meet a biological need
• Arousal Theory


  An activation of the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the muscles and glands
• Incentive Theory


  The incentive value of stimulus is often learned – as in the case of money as an incentive for work or other conditioned reinforcers
• Expectancy Theories


  Connect thoughts and motivation and are explanations of behavior that focus on people's expectations of success in reaching a goal and their need for achievement as energizing factors
• Cognitive Theory


  Asserts that people are actively and regularly involved in determining their own goals and the means of achieving them
• Humanistic Theory


  An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of Life rather than individual components of behavior. It focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth
• Achievement Theory


  Henry Murray asserts that the key events and situations in people's environment determine behavior. He used the word press for the way these environmental situations may motivate a person. (Need of achievement – n Ach)
• Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  • Believed that individuals need to fulfill specific needs in order for them to survive
• Biological Aspect of Hunger


  The involvement of body organs and organic substance in the body
• Social Aspect of Hunger


  E.g. Cultural Preferences with regard to taste
• Cultural relativism


  Not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal
• Significance of Emotion

  • Emotions help us to communicate with others, give meaning to events, coordinate interpersonal relationships, and play an important role in the cultural functioning of keeping human societies together

  
• The Six Basic Emotions

  • Sadness
  • Happiness
  • Fear
  • Anger
  • Surprise
  • Disgust

  
• Sadness


  An emotional state of unhappiness, ranging in intensity from mild to extreme and usually aroused by the loss of something that is highly valued (e.g., by the rupture of a relationship)
• Happiness


  A state of emotional well-being that a person experiences either in a narrow sense, when good things happen in a specific moment, or more broadly, as a positive evaluation of one's life and accomplishments overall—that is, subjective well-being
• Fear


  A basic, intense emotion aroused by the detection of imminent threat, involving an immediate alarm reaction that mobilizes the organism by triggering a set of physiological changes

  
• Anger


  An emotion characterized by antagonism toward someone or something you feel has deliberately done you wrong. Anger can be a good thing. It can give you a way to express negative feelings, for example, or motivate you to find solutions to problems. But excessive anger can cause problems
• Surprise


  An emotion typically resulting from the violation of an expectation or the detection of novelty in the environment. It is considered by some theorists to be one of the emotions that have a universal pattern of facial expression

  
• Disgust


  A feeling of aversion towards something offensive. We can feel disgusted by something we perceive with our physical senses (sight, smell, touch, sound, taste), by the actions or appearances of people, and even by ideas
• Barbara L. Fredrickson's views on positive emotions


  • The resources gained through positive emotions outlive the emotions from which they were acquired. Resources build up over time and increase the individual's overall well-being

  
• Barbara L. Fredrickson: '"Love is a momentary upwelling of three tightly interwoven events: First, a sharing of one or more positive emotions between you and another; second, a synchrony between your and the other person's biochemistry and behaviors; and third, a reflected motive to invest in each other's well-being that brings mutual care"'
• Gratitude


  Opens your heart and carries the urge to give back – to do something good in return, either for the person who helped you or for someone else
• The ten most common positive emotions identified by Barbara L. Fredrickson


  • Joy
  • Gratitude
  • Serenity
  • Interest
  • Hope
  • Pride
  • Amusement
  • Inspiration
  • Awe
  • Love
• Joy


  A feeling of extreme gladness, delight, or exultation of the spirit arising from a sense of well-being or satisfaction
• Gratitude


  The feeling of thankfulness or happiness in response to either a tangible benefit (like a gift or a favor) or something intangible or happenstance (like a nice day), according to the American Psychological Association's definition
• Serenity


  A spiritual state that decreases stress and promotes optimal health (Roberts and Cunningham, 1990), a sustained state of inner peace (Gerber, 1986), and a universal health experience related to quality of life (Kruse, 1999)
• Interest


  An attitude characterized by a need or desire to give selective attention to something that is significant to the individual, such as an activity, goal, or research area
• Hope


  A positive cognitive state based on a sense of successful goal-directed determination and planning to meet these goals. In other words, hope is like a snap-shot of a person's current goal-directed thinking, highlighting the motivated pursuit of goals and the expectation that those goals can be achieved