Lesson 1 (ITP)

• Psychology


  is the science of studying human and animal behavior
• Goals of Psychology

  1. To describe behavior.
  2. To help identify factors that help predict behavior
  3. To understand and explain behavior by identifying factors that bring about effects.
  4. To control and change behavior
• Psychology


  is a study of human behavior, about how and why people behave, feel or think the way we do.
• Psychology


  is defined as the science that studies behavior and mental processes.
• Psychology


  is the science of behavior and experience
• Science


  A discipline that uses systematic observation and experimentation to describe, explain, and predict events in the world
• Experience


  Feelings, thoughts and perceptions.
• Scientific Method


  The procedures that help make observations more objective, precise and reliable.
• Theory


  a general explanation of how things work based on a number of systematic observations
• Hypothesis


  An expectation, based on a theory, of how something will behave under specific circumstances
• Operational Definition


  A description of particular procedures and measurements used in an experiment defines the concepts being studied.
• Hippocrates

  • known for his unconventional idea on the occurrence of disease.
  • biological malfunctions, not demons can cause mental illness
  • Used empirical observation for medical research and data gathering
• Plato

  • The min resides within the brain.
  • reality can be found in the ideal and not in the objects that are recognized by our senses.
• Aristotle

  • Reality rests upon the concrete and tangible objects.
• Rene Descartes


  The father of modern philosophy
• Cartesian Dualism


  Mind and Body operate under different principles and should be studied by different specialists.
• John Locke


  Optimistic view of human nature: man is naturally good
• Tabula Rasa - Blank Slate
• Immanuel Kant

  • Both rationalist and empiricist approaches are essential to understanding complex mental processes
  • Reconciled the issue between Monism and dualism
• Charles Darwin


  Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection
• Wilhelm Wundt

  • The father of scientific psychology
  • Built the first psychology laboratory in 1879
  • Conducted research in areas ranging from memory and consciousness to cross-cultural comparison
• Theory of Evolution


  emphasized the continuity between animal and human development, and implied that the psychological activities of human beings could be studied scientifically
• Natural Selection


  the process by which forms of life have traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures, as predators, changes in climate, and competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the perpetuation of those favorable traits in succeeding generations.
• Period of Schools/ Schools of Thoughts

  • Structuralism
  • Gestalt Psychology
  • Functionalism
  • Freudian Psychology/ Psychoanalysis
  • Behaviorism
  • Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
• Structuralism


  Wilhelm Wundt

  Edward B. Titchener
• Edward B. Titchener


  Founder of this school, one of Wundt's students. He believed that experiences could be broken down into elements, just as water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen
• Structuralism


  Used of Introspection

  Founded by Titchener

  focuses on structure
• Introspection


  the procedure of confronting subjects with a stimulus and then asking them to describe their experience of it in detail
• Gestalt Psychology


  study of the Whole

  • They Argued that the whole is a basic sensation in and of itself.
  • The whole, mot its parts, is the fundamental experience.
  • wholeness of the form
• Gestalt Psychology


  Kurt Koffka

  Wolfgang Kohler

  Max Wertheimer
• Gestalt is German for Whole or Form
• Functionalism


  Focused on Experience and Consciousness
• Functionalism


  John Dewey

  James Mckeen Cattel

  William James
• William James


  Principles of Psychology

  • He believed that human consciousness has been shaped by evolution and that human behavior is governed by instincts
• Instincts


  tendencies to behave in particular ways that help the species adapt to and survive in its environment
• Freudian Psychology/ Psychoanalysis


  Sigmund Freud
• Sigmund Freud

  • his problem is how to study the unconscious mind
  • he developed the process of psychoanalysis, using free association to uncover the source of people's behavior and feelings
• Behaviorism


  John B. Watson

  Edward Lee Thorndike

  Burrhus Frederic Skinner
• Behaviorism

  • they argued that psychologists should focus on what could be directly observed- people's behavior and the situation in which they behave
  • observation was a critical part of the scientific method, and that scientific observation must be objective, precise, and reliable. because thought and feelings cannot be measured, they argued, such things can't be studied scientifically.
• Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology


  Carl Rogers

  Abraham Maslow