assault

• assault is confirmed in s39 criminal justice act 1988
• assault actus reus: any act which causes V to fear/apprehend immediate unlawful violence
• logdon v dpp: V must apprehend fear will be used against them
• r v constanza: words can be an assault
• Ireland v Burstow: silent phone calls can amount
• smith v cc woking police: fear must be immediate
• Tuberville v Savage: words said at the time can negate the offence
• mens rea of assault: intention or recklessness as to causing V to fear/ apprehend immediate unlawful violence