MIDTERM DEV PSYCH

• Physical abuse


  Action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury
• Neglect


  Failure to meet a dependent's basic needs
• Sexual abuse


  Physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person
• Emotional maltreatment


  Rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection; or other action or inaction that may cause behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
• Nonorganic failure to thrive


  Slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning
• Shaken baby syndrome


  Form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death
• Physical Activity


  • Decreases the likelihood of adolescents participating in risky behavior
• Sleep needs and problems

  Sleep deprivation can stop motivation and cause irritability, concentration and performance can suffer
• Body Image


  Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance
• Eating Disorder


  Anorexia - eating disorder characterized by self-starvation<|>Bulimia - eating disorder characterized by eating huge portions then purging body by laxatives<|>Binge Eating Disorder - losing control over eating and binges huge quantity of foods
• Symptoms of Eating Disorders

  • Restricting the amount of food eaten
  • Going to bathroom after meals
  • Cutting foods into small pieces
  • Exercising compulsively
  • Using laxatives, enemas or diuretics inappropriately
  • Abuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas to prevent weight gain
  • Frequent weighing
  • Self-induced vomiting
  • Overachieving behavior
• Substance abuse


  Harmful use of alcohol and drugs
• Substance dependence


  Addiction; may be physiological, psychological or both
• Binge Drinking


  Consuming five (5) or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women
• Primary Sex Characteristics


  Organs necessary for reproduction; these organs enlarged and mature during puberty
• Primary Sex Characteristics for Women

  • Ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, clitoris & vagina
• Primary Sex Characteristics for Men

  • Testes, penis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland
• Secondary Sex Characteristics


  Physiological signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve organs; these changes unfold in a sequence that is more consistent than their timing
• Examples of Secondary Sex Characteristics

  • Breast development in females
  • Broad shoulder development in males
• Spermache


  The first ejaculation
• Menarche


  The first menstruation
• Early Pubertal Timing for Males

  Increased substance use and delinquent behavior, conduct and behavioral disorders, accelerated skeletal maturation, psychosocial difficulties, mental health concerns, adult health issues
• Late Pubertal Timing for Males


  Internalizing symptoms, inadequate self-conscious, rejected and dominated, dependent or insecure, aggressive or depressed, more trouble in school, more reactive to interpersonal stress
• Secular Trend


  Trend that can be seen only by observing generations, the trend toward early attainment of adult height and sexual maturity which began a century ago in some countries
• Brain Development in Adolescence

  • Steady increase in white matter in Frontal lobe
  • Spurt of gray matter in Frontal Lobe
  • Pruning from the rear portions to the front
  • Maturing earlier: subcortical brain areas Limbic and Reward system
  • Decline in medial prefrontal cortex activity and gray matter volume
• Frontal Lobe


  Associated with problem solving, impulse control, goal setting and planning
• Gray Matter


  The thinking cells
• White Matter


  The communication cables
• Adolescence


  A developmental transition between childhood and adulthood, entails major physical, cognitive and psychosocial domain changes
• Puberty


  The process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce
• How Puberty Begins


  1. Hypothalamus releases elevated levels of Gonadotrophin releasing hormones (GnRH)

  2. Increase GnRH triggers a rise in lutenizing hormones (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

  3. Girls: increased in levels of FSH onset menstruation

  4. Boys initiates release of two additional hormones: testosterone and andostendione
• Two Basic Stages of Puberty

  • Adrenarche - occurs between age 6 and 8, adrenal glands secrete new/increasing levels of androgens, most notably dehydropiandosterone (DHEA)
  • Gonadarche - maturing of sex organs triggers second burst of DHEA
• DHEA


  Dehydropiandosterone influences growth of pubic, axillary (underarm) and facial hairs, contributes to foster body growth, oilier skin and the development of pubic and underarm hair
• Puberty Changes in Girls

  Girls' ovaries increase their input of estrogen, which stimulates growth of their female genitals, breast and development of body hairs
• Puberty Changes in Boys


  Testes increase production of androgens, especially testosterone which stimulates growth in their muscle mass, genitals and development of body hairs
• Formal operations


  Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, the ability to think abstractly
• Hypothetical deductive reasoning


  1. Develop

  2. Consider

  3. Test hypotheses
• Levels of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

  • Preconventional morality
  • Conventional morality
  • Post-conventional morality
• Preconventional morality


  • Obey rules to avoid punishment or reap rewards, or may act out of self-interest
• Conventional morality


  • Concerned about being good or pleasing others and maintaining social order