reporting

• Cell Types


  • Prokaryotic
  • Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Do not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • Archaea and bacteria domain
  • Small single cell
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Possess a clearly defined nucleus
  • Can be multi-cellular
  • More complex cell with a nucleus and many organelles
• Evolutionary Origin of Life

  1. Abiogenesis: Life originated from non-living chemical substances through natural processes

  2. Chemical Building Blocks: Simple molecules like amino acids and nucleotides formed from simpler chemicals

  3. Energy Sources: Energy from lightning, UV radiation, and volcanic activity drove chemical reactions

  4. Self-Replicating Molecules: Molecules like RNA could store genetic information and catalyze chemical reactions
• Developments of Cells in Evolutionary Origin

  1. Formation of Protocells: Encapsulation, Metabolism

  2. Emergence of Prokaryotic Cells: First True Cells, Genetic Material

  3. Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells: Endosymbiosis, Complexity

  4. Multicellularity: Specialization, Tissue and Organ Formation
• Plant Cell


  • Rigid cell wall
  • Contain chloroplast
  • Large central vacuole
  • Rectangular shape
  • Does not have centrioles
  • Does not have lysosomes
  • Have plasmodesmata
  • Store energy as starch
• Animal Cell


  • Does not have cell wall
  • Lack in chloroplast
  • Small vacuole
  • Have irregular circular shape
  • Contain centrioles
  • Have lysosomes
  • Does not have plasmodesmata
  • Store energy in form of glycogen
• Similarities between Plant and Animal Cells

  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Peroxisomes
  • Vesicle
• Nucleus


  Houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and is the control center for cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction
• Mitochondria


  Generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, involved in regulation of metabolic activity, apoptosis, and production of reactive oxygen species
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  Rough ER: Involved in synthesis of proteins destined for secretion or cell membrane<|>Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification processes, and calcium ion storage
• Golgi Apparatus


  Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles
• Lysosomes


  Contain digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms
• Peroxisomes


  Involved in the breakdown of fatty acids through beta-oxidation and detoxification of harmful substances
• Cytoskeleton


  Maintains cell shape, enables cellular motion, and is involved in intracellular transport and cell division
• Ribosomes


  Sites of protein synthesis, translate mRNA into polypeptide chains
• Centrosomes and Centrioles


  Organize microtubules and provide structure to the cell, crucial for cell division
• Chloroplasts (in plant cells)

  Conduct photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose
• Vacuoles


  Storage organelles that maintain turgor pressure, store nutrients and waste products, and help in cellular digestion
• The plasma membrane protects the cell, provides structure, and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport
• Cells Carry Out Metabolic Reactions
• Catalyst - a substance that promotes a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a net change
• Entropy - does not units of energy rather how much energy is not available to do work
• Abundant elements in a human body

  C, N, O H
• Present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  • RNA
  • DNA
  • Ribosmes