blood pdf

• Blood- a type of connective tissue that consists og a liquid matrix
• plasma:

  • plasma proteins
  • serum
• enumerate the plasma proteins:

  • albumin
  • globulin
  • fibrinogen
• what are the formed elements of blood:

  • platelts
  • RBCs
  • WBCs
• granular

  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
• agranular

  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
• functions of blood: 1. transport gases, nutrients, and waste products 2. transport of processed molecules 3. transport of regulatory molecules 4. regulation of pH and osmosis 5. maintenance of body temperature 6. protection against foreign substances 7. clot formation
• COMPOSITION OF BLOOD:

  1. plasma- liquid matrix
  2. formed elements- cells and cell fragments
  3. 4-5 L in females; 5-6 L in males
  4. 8% of total body weight
• PLASMA:

  • pale yellow fluid
  • 91% water
  • 7% proteins
  • 2% ions/gases
• PLASMA PROTEINS:

  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
• albumin - water balance bet, the blood and tissues
• globulins- part of the immune system; function as transport molecules; a clotting factor
• GLOBULINS:

  • alpha globulins
  • beta globulins
  • gamma globulins
• alpha globulins- transport hormones, prothrombin, high density lipoprotein ( HDL/ healthy cholesterol)
• beta globulins- transport vitamins, minerals and other lipoproteins (LDL/ nad cholesterol)
• gamma globulins- antibodies that provide immunity
• fibrinogen- a clotting factor fibrin- threadlike protein that forms blood clots
• SERUM: plasma without the clotting factors

  the heme molecules are converted into bilubrin
• bilubrin - a yellow pigment molecule; brown color
• if the liver is not functioning normally, or flow of bile is hindered= bilubrin builds up and produces jaundrice
• jaundrice- yellowish color to the skin

  converted bilubrin into other pigments= brown color in feces+ yellow color in urine
• Hematopoiesis


  Process of blood cell production; confined primarily to red bone marrow
• Stem cells / Hemocytoblasts


  Where all formed elements of blood are derived from
• Red Blood Cells / Erythrocytes

  • Disk-shaped and biconcave (increases the cell's surface area)
  • Anucleate (without nucleus & organelles)
  • Transports O2 from the lungs to the various tissues of the body
  • Helps transport CO2 from the tissues to the lungs
• Hemoglobin


  Main component of RBCs; pigmented protein responsible for its red color
• Oxygen transport


  Accomplished by the hemoglobin
• Globin


  Each protein
• Heme


  Red-pigmented molecules that composes a globin
• Bright red hemoglobin


  Bound to O2
• Darker red hemoglobin


  Without bound to O2
• Iron is necessary for O2 transport
• Carbonic anhydrase


  An enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that converts CO2 and H2O into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion
• Proerythroblasts


  Give rise to the RBCs line
• B vitamins folate & B12 are required for cell division and necessary for the synthesis of DNA
• Iron is required for the production of hemoglobin
• RBC production is stimulated by


  Low blood O2 level
• Erythropoietin


  Glycoprotein released by the kidneys; stimulates red bone marrow to produce more RBC
• Iron recycling

  1. When RBCs become old, abnormal and damaged, they are removed from the blood by macrophages

  2. Within the macrophage, the globin is broken down into amino acids that are reused to produce other proteins

  3. Iron released from the heme is transported to the red bone marrow and used to produce new hemoglobin

  4. The heme molecules are converted into bilubrin
• Bilubrin


  Yellow pigment molecule; brown color
• If the liver is not functioning normally, or flow of bile is hindered


  Bilubrin builds up and produces jaundice