Perspective on Teaching and Learning

• Health


  The state of complete physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)<|>The expression of success experienced by the organism in its effort to respond adaptively to environmental changes (Rene Dubois)<|>A dynamic ecological resultant involving the interaction of many complex factors and conditions (Hoyman)
• Education


  Deliberate and systematic influence exerted by the mature person upon the immature through instruction, discipline and harmonious development of all powers of human being (physical, social, intellectual, aesthetic, and spiritual) directed toward the final end<|>Acquisition of the art of the utilization of knowledge (Whitehead)
• Health Education


  Helping individuals and groups to better health through equipping every individual with desirable knowledge, attitude and skills so that he can make the necessary adaptations in the face of the challenges of the ever changing environment<|>A learning process which is concerned with changes in knowledge, feelings and behavior of people<|>An approach for teaching patients and their families to deal with past, present & future health problems<|>A process that informs, motivates, and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training
• Health Education Process


  Brings about changes in the knowledge and attitude of people and thereby affecting change in health practices<|>The sum of experiences which favorably influence habits, attitudes, knowledge relating to individuals, community and racial health<|>Progressive course, series of measures or changes
• Concepts of Health Education - Physicians Point of View

  • A means by which better understanding of the principles of healthful living is achieved
  • A learning process growing out of health needs, nourished by health knowledge, and producing intelligent constructive and healthful individual and community action
  • A means of creating opportunities for the people to participate and assume responsibility for the solution of their own problems in cooperation with health specialists and educators
  • A cooperative task in which all people who are directly engaged in public health work could participate
  • It covers the combined, concerted efforts of the professional and lay persons to influence community health habits and practices
• Concepts of Health Education - Nurses Point of View

  • Is a means of improving the health of people by employing various methods of scientific procedures to show the most healthful ways of living
  • Consists of techniques that stimulate, arouse and guide people to live healthfully
  • The sum of activities in which health agencies engage to influence the thinking, motivation, judgment and action of the people of the community
• Concepts of Health Education - Sanitary Engineers Point of View

  Is a continuous process by which the public is made aware of facts and problems about health and of its obligation individually and collectively in the attainment of physical, mental and social well-being
• Concepts of Health Education - School Administrators & Teachers Point of View

  A cooperative task in which all engaged in public health should directly or indirectly participate for the betterment of the health of the people
• Aims of Health Education

  • To help people understand that health is the most valuable community asset and to help them achieve health by their own activities and efforts
  • To develop a sense of responsibility for improvement of their health as individual members of families and communities
  • To develop scientific knowledge, attitude, and skills on health matters to enable people to develop correct habits
  • To develop ways and means of effecting favorable changes in health habits and attitudes of the people
  • To educate people for proper use of health services in whatever form it is made available to them by the government
  • To alter behavior which may directly or indirectly influenced occurrence or spread of diseases in a given cultural setting
  • To help people achieve health by their own actions and efforts
  • To promote the greater possible fulfillment of inherited powers of the body and the mind, and happy adjustment of an individual to society
  • To provide the person with appropriate knowledge to enjoy descent health and also the knowledge of the occurrence and spread of diseases. Thus, enabling him to adopt relevant preventive measures
  • To create in the person an interest in his own health and well-being
  • To create in the person an interest for the health of other members of his family, as well as those living in his surroundings
  • To create in the person a desire to support health education programs in his area
• Principles of Health Education

  • HE considers the health status of the people
  • HE is learning
  • HE involves motivation, experience and change in conduct and thinking
  • HE should be recognized as a basic function of all health workers
  • HE takes place in the home, in the school and the community
  • HE is a cooperative effort
  • HE meets the needs, interests and problems of the people affected
  • HE is achieved by doing
  • HE is a slow continuous process
  • HE makes use of supplementary aids and devices
  • HE utilizes community resources
  • HE is a creative process
  • HE helps people attain health through their own efforts
  • HE makes careful evaluation of the planning, organization and implementation of all health education programs and activities
  • HE is an integral part of health programs
  • Every member of the public health team has the responsibility in educating people
  • It is not enough to impart information, what counts is what is done with the knowledge
• Health Educator


  The facilitator or implementer of health education<|>Initiator of the process whereby people learn to improve their health attitude and habits to work together for the improvement of health conditions of the family, community and the nation
• Traits / Qualities of a Health Educator

  • Efficient
  • Good Communicator
  • Good Listener Creative / Resourceful
  • Keen Observer
  • Systematic With sense of Humor
  • Change Agent
  • Tactful
  • Analytical
  • Knowledgeable
  • Open
• Education Process


  Progressive course, series of measures or changes<|>Systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based, planned course of action<|>Consisting of two major interdependent operations: Teaching and Learning<|>Forms a continuous cycle<|>Involves 2 interdependent players: Teacher and Learner<|>Mutually desired behavior changes<|>Foster growth in the learner and the teacher
• Education Process


  Parallel to Nursing Process but with different goals and objectives
• Nursing Process


  Planning and implementation of care based on assessment and diagnosis of the physical and psychosocial needs of the patient
• Education Process


  Planning and implementation of teaching based on assessment and prioritization of the client's learning needs, readiness to learn and learning style<|>Useful paradigm to assist nurses to organize and carry out the education process using the ASSURE model: Analyze the learner, State the objectives, Select the instructional methods and materials, Use instructional methods and materials, Require learner performance, Evaluate the teaching plan and revise as necessary
• Patient education has been considered a major component of standard care given by nurses
• • The NLE identified the course content in nursing school curricula to prepare nurses to assume the role as teachers of others
  • Developed the first certified nurse educator (CNE) exam
  • American Nurses Association (ANA) set forth statements on the functions, standards, and qualifications for nursing practice, of which patient teaching is a key element
  • International Council of Nurses (ICN) has long endorsed the nurse's role as educator to be essential component of nursing care delivery
  • Today, all state nurse practice acts (NPA) include teaching within the scope of nursing practice responsibilities


  1950s
• • American Hospital Association developed the Patient's Bill of Rights and has been adopted by hospitals nationwide
  • Established the guidelines to ensure that patients receive complete and current information concerning their diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in terms they can reasonably be expected to understand

  1970s
• Responsibility for teaching has been recognized as an important role of nurses as caregivers since the mid-1800s, with a focus on care of the sick, promoting the health of the well public, and educating other nurses for professional practice
• Florence Nightingale


  • Founder of modern nursing, ultimate educator
  • Developed the first school of nursing
  • Devoted a large portion of her life to teaching nurses, physicians, and health officials about the importance of proper conditions in the hospitals and homes to improve the health of the people
  • Emphasized the importance of teaching patients of the need for adequate nutrition, fresh air, exercise, and personal hygiene to improve their well-being
• By early 1900s, public health nurses in the Philippines clearly understood the significance of the role of the nurse as teacher in preventing disease and in maintaining the health of the society
• As early as 1918, the National League of Nursing Education (NLNE) in the US (now the National League for Nursing (NLN) observed the importance of health teaching as a function within the scope of nursing practice
• As early as 1993, the Joint Commission (formerly Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)) recognized the importance of patient education by nurses and established nursing standards for patient education
• Recommendations proposed by the Pew Health Profession Commission (PHPC) in 1995


  • Provide clinically competent and coordinated care to the public
  • Involve patients and their families in the decision making process regarding health interventions
  • Provide clients with education and counseling on ethical issues
  • Expand public access to effective care
  • Ensure cost-effective and appropriate care for the consumer
  • Provide for prevention of illness and promotion of healthy lifestyle
• Transition toward wellness


  From disease-oriented patient education (DOPE) to prevention-oriented patient education (POPE) to health-oriented patient education (HOPE)<|>Changed the role of the nurse: From one of wise healer to expert advisor or teacher to facilitator of change<|>Emphasis is now on empowering patients to use their potentials, abilities, and resources to the fullest<|>Another role of today's educator is training the trainer – preparing the nursing staff through continuing education, in-service programs, and staff development to maintain and improve their clinical skills and teaching abilities<|>Another very important role of the nurse as educator is serving as a clinical instructor for the students in the practice setting
• In 2006, the Institute of Healthcare Management was organized with the objective to reduce the 15 million incidents of medical harm in US hospitals each year, with major implications for teaching patients and their families
• Nurse's role


  From wise healer to expert advisor or teacher to facilitator of change
• Emphasis


  Empowering patients to use their potentials, abilities, and resources to the fullest
• Nurse educator's role


  Training the trainer - preparing the nursing staff through continuing education, in-service programs, and staff development to maintain and improve their clinical skills and teaching abilities
• Key to success of nursing profession

  Nurses teaching other nurses
• Nurse's role as clinical instructor

  Staff nurses function as clinical preceptors and mentors to ensure that nursing students meet their expected learning outcomes
• Institute of Healthcare Management was organized

  2006
• Objective of Institute of Healthcare Management

  To reduce the 15 million incidents of medical harm in US hospitals each year
• Major implications


  Teaching patients and their families as well as nursing staff and students ways how they can improve care to reduce injuries, save lives, and decrease cost of health care
• SULLIVAN ALLIANCE


  2007
• Objective of SULLIVAN ALLIANCE

  To recruit and educate staff nurses to deliver culturally competent care to the public they serve
• Goal of SULLIVAN ALLIANCE

  To increase the racial and cultural mix of nursing faculty, students, and staff, who will be sensitive to the needs of clients of diverse backgrounds
• Since 1980s, the role of the nurse as educator has undergone a paradigm shift, evolving from what once was a disease-oriented approach to a more prevention-oriented approach
• Focus in teaching


  Teaching for the promotion and maintenance of health