Readings in Philippine History

• Wave Migration


  Theory by Henry Otley Beyer
• Evolution Theory


  Theory by Felipe Landa Jocano
• The pre-Spanish period in the Philippines had a culture that was basically Malayan
• The pre-Spanish period in the Philippines had written languages that traced their origin
• The literature in the pre-Spanish period in the Philippines was folk in nature representing heritage and daily lives
• Wave Migration


  Theory by Henry Otley Beyer
• Evolution Theory


  Theory by Felipe Landa Jocano
• The 10 Bornean Datus
• Pre-Spanish Period Philippines


  • Had culture basically Malayan
  • Had written languages that traced their origin
  • Literature were folk in nature representing heritage and daily lives
• Subsistence economy


  Most common form of economic life
• Pre-Spanish Period Philippines


  • Had their own political systems and set of beliefs, customs, values, and practices
• Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan discovered Homonhon Island, named "Archipelago de San Lazaro"


  1521
• Magellan reached the Philippines

  1521
• Magellan reached Limasa Island, met Rajah Kulambo, the ruler


  1521
• Magellan and Kulambo entered into blood compact


  1521
• First Philippine mass is held at Limasawa


  1521
• Magellan sailed to Cebu Island, entered into blood compact with Chieftain Rajah Humabon


  1521
• Magellan died in battle near Cebu

  1525
• Spain attempted sending three more expeditions to the Philippines - all failed

  1525-1536
• Spanish expedition led by Roy Lopez de Villalobos arrived; he named the islands the Philippines in honor of King Philip II, son of King Charles I of Spain


  1543
• Expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi arrived


  1565
• Legaspi established first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu, became first Spanish General-Governor


  1565
• Portuguese attacked Cebu, blockaded port


  1568
• Legaspi established Spanish Colonial Government in Manila; proclaimed it the capital of colony

  1571
• Forced labor of all males aged 16 - 60 instituted by Spanish - polo y servicio


  1580
• Spanish Period


  1565 - 1898, 333 years
• The Philippines became a Spanish colony during the expedition and conquest of Legaspi
• All Spanish possessions were governed by Royal and Supreme Court of the Indies (1524) later on replaced by Ministro de Ultramar (1863)
• Bureaucracy in the Philippines

  • National/Central - Gobernador Heneral
  • Province (Alcadia) - Alcalde Mayor/Corregidores (Corregimento)
  • City - Ayuntamiento
  • Municipality - Gobernadorcillo later Capitan Municipal
  • Barrio
• Policies and Political Activities

  • Encomienda and Hacienda System
  • Residencia
  • Vista
  • Polo y Servicio
  • Bandala
  • Tributo/Buwis
  • Residencia
  • Galleon Trade
  • System of Education
• Reform and Revolutionary Movements during Spanish Period

  • La Solidaridad
  • La Liga Filipina
  • Katipunan
  • The Martyrdom of the National Heroes
  • The Biak na Bato Republic
  • Spanish-American War and the Treaty of Paris
• After the Spaniards left the Philippines, the revolutionary movement led by Aguinaldo established the first Philippine Republic
• The occupation of the Americans of the Philippines and the benevolent assimilation proclamation
• Phases of American-Filipino War

  • Phase 1 - 1898 - 1934
  • Phase 2 - 1936 - 1946
  • Resistance - 1901 - 1913
• Military Rulers during American Occupation

  • General Meritt - 1898 - 1901
  • General Elweil Otis - 1898 - 1901
  • General McArthur - 1900 - 1901
• Filipino missions to the US resulted to the passing of laws that assured independence
• Laws Assuring Philippine Independence

  • Jones Law
  • Tydings-McDuffie Law
  • The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act
• Reconcentration Act was passed; governor general authorized provincial governor resettlement of resident to help capture rebel


  July 1, 1903
• Flag law; suppressing nationalism, prohibits display of flags, banners, symbols and others used against the US


  1907
• Flag law was repealed


  1919