science

• Cell Membrane


  Separates the components of a cell from its environment, surrounds the cell, regulates the flow of materials into and out of cell, selectively permeable
• Homeostasis


  Stable, internal environment
• Cell Membrane maintains homeostasis

  1. Balancing pH, temperature, glucose, water balance

  2. Through active and passive transport
• In homeostasis, everything is PERFECT
• Cell Membrane

  Also called Phospholipid Bilayer, made of phosphate, proteins, and lipids
• Cell Membrane

  • Lipid bilayer
  • Protein channel
  • Protein pump
• Cells with cell membrane

  • Prokaryotes (cell wall + cell membrane)
  • Animal cells (cell membrane only)
  • Plant cells (cell membrane + cell wall)
• Phospholipid

  Has hydrophilic (water loving) phosphate heads and hydrophobic (water hating) fatty acid tails
• Cell membrane both repels and attracts water through the membrane at the same time
• Passive Transport


  1. Does not require energy to move molecules from high to low concentration

  2. Includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
• Diffusion


  Movement of small particles across the cell membrane until homeostasis is reached
• Facilitated Diffusion


  Requires the help of carrier and channel proteins to push particles across
• Osmosis


  Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane, from high to low concentration
• Hypertonic Solution


  Contains a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm), causes water to diffuse out of the cell, cell shrivels
• Hypotonic Solution


  Contains a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm), causes water to diffuse into the cell, cell swells and may explode
• Isotonic Solution


  Contains the same concentration of solute as another solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm), water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate, no change in cell size
• Active Transport


  1. Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, requires energy (ATP)

  2. Includes exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis
• Passive Transport


  Like going downhill, no energy needed
• Active Transport


  Like going uphill, energy needed
• Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding blood vessels to be carried to the lungs for exhale, as blood vessels are high in carbon dioxide compared to the cells
• Cancer


  Any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer often has the ability to spread throughout your body.
• Karyotype


  An individual's complete set of chromosomes. The term also refers to a laboratory-produced image of a person's chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order. A karyotype may be used to look for abnormalities in chromosome number or structure.
• You can assess and distinguish a normal karyotype from a karyotype with errors, and pinpoint in which chromosomes the abnormality is present.
• Trisomy


  The presence of an extra chromosome
• Monosomy


  The absence of one of the chromosomes
• Down Syndrome


  People with Down syndrome are born with an extra chromosome, which changes the way their brain and body develop. The majority of babies with Down syndrome are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, with three copies of the chromosome instead of the usual two. As a result people born with Down syndrome face some physical and mental challenges throughout life.
• Physical features of Down Syndrome

  • A flattened face, especially the bridge of the nose
  • Almond-shaped eyes that slant up
  • A short neck
  • Small ears
  • A tongue that tends to stick out of the mouth
  • Tiny white spots on the iris (colored part) of the eye
  • Small hands and feet
  • A single line across the palm of the hand (palmar crease)
• Patau's Syndrome


  A serious rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells. It's also called trisomy 13. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, which carry the genes you inherit from your parents.
• Patau's Syndrome


  • Cleft lip and palate
  • An abnormally small eye or eyes (microphthalmia)
  • Absence of 1 or both eyes (anophthalmia)
  • Reduced distance between the eyes (hypotelorism)
  • Problems with the development of the nasal passages
• Edward's Syndrome


  A baby with Edwards' syndrome has 3 copies of chromosome number 18 instead of 2. This affects the way the baby grows and develops.
• Edward's Syndrome


  • Low birth weight
  • Small head and jaw
  • An unusual-looking face and head
  • Unusual hands and feet with overlapping fingers and webbed toes
  • Problems with feeding, breathing, seeing and hearing
• Triple X Syndrome


  A condition that affects females, where they have an extra X chromosome. Signs and symptoms can vary greatly, with many experiencing no noticeable effects or only mild symptoms.
• Triple X Syndrome

  • Being taller than average height is the most typical physical feature
  • Most females with triple X syndrome experience normal sexual development and have the ability to become pregnant
  • Some girls and women with triple X syndrome have intelligence in the normal range, but possibly slightly lower when compared with siblings
  • Others may have intellectual disabilities and sometimes may have behavioral problems
• Turner Syndrome


  A condition that affects only females, where one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. Turner syndrome can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.
• Klinefelter Syndrome


  A condition where boys and men are born with an extra X chromosome. Chromosomes are packages of genes found in every cell in the body. There are 2 types of chromosome, called the sex chromosomes, that determine the genetic sex of a baby.
• XYY Syndrome


  A rare chromosomal disorder that affects males. It is caused by the presence of an extra Y chromosome. Males normally have one X and one Y chromosome. However, individuals with this syndrome have one X and two Y chromosomes. Affected individuals are usually very tall.