From Lab Manual

• Special stains

  • Loeffler's Alkaline Methylene Blue: metachromic granules
  • Hiss stain: capsule / slime layer
  • Dyer stain: cell wall
  • Fisher-conn stain: flagella
  • Dorner and Schaeffer-Fulton stain: spores
  • India ink or nigrosine: capsule of fungus Cryptococcus neoformans
• 3 types of culture media

  Physical state

  Chemical composition

  Functional type
• Suited for the propagation of a large number of species, fermentation studies, and other tests

  Liquid media
• Best suited for culture of microaerophilic bacteria or for the study of bacterial motility


  Semi solid media
• Contain a solidifying agent such as 1.5 - 2% agar

  Used for the isolation of bacteria and fungi or determining colony characteristics of the organism

  Solid media
• Contain chemically defined substances, percise chemical composition

  Synthetic media
• Complex media that contain at least one ingredient that is not chemically definied

  Non-synthetic media
• Used for the isolation of fungi

  Saboraud dextrose agar
• A selective medium used to recover Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is made by selective incorporation of malachite green

  Löwenstein-Jensen medium
• Contains 10% NaCl and is used for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus

  Mannitol Salt Agar
• Contains the antibiotics trimethroprim, nystatin, vancomycin, and colistin. It is used for the isolation of Neisseria

  Thayer-Martin agar
• Promotes the growth of GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria, primarily those belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and inhibits the growth of gram positive bacteria through the addition of bile salts. Both selective and differential

  MacConkey agar
• A type of nutrient medium that is used for the culture of fastidious organisms such as Haemophilus sp. Heat is applied to lyse the RBCs causing the medium to turn brown

  Chocolate agar
• Examples are petone water, nutrient broth, and nutrient agar

  General purpose media
• Discovered by Fritz Zernike in 1934


  Phase contrast microscope
• Developed by Georges Nomarski in 1952


  Differential interference contrast microscope
• First prototype was built by Ernst Ruska in 1933


  Electron Microscope
• Developed by Gerg Binning and Heinrich Rohrer in 1980s


  Scanning Probe Microscope
• Invagination of the cell wall and functions for cell division


  Mesosomes
• Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is the functional analogue of the

  Mitochondria
• Endospores are composed of

  Dipicolinic acid
• Which among the following is the site of the electron transport chain in bacteria

  Cell membrane / cytoplasmic membrane
• Bacterial growth requirents: NITROGEN AND SULFUR are required for synthesis of proteins
• NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS are required for the synthesis of nucleic acids
• Which among the ff is a component of cytochrome in the electron transport chain

  Iron
• Microorganisms that make utilizes inorganic compounds as sole carbon source are called

  Autotrophs
• Obligate anaerobes cannot survive in the presence of oxygen because they DO NOT possess which of the following enzyme

  Catalase, superoxide dismutase
• Inorganic ion which is a component of gram positive bacterial cell wall


  Calcium