cell type

• Cellular Organelles


  Parts and function of the various organelles in the cell
• Collaboration


  Students compare cellular organelles jobs similar to a function of a factory and its workers
• Cell


  Three major divisions: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
• Cell


  Consists of both membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles
• Organelle main jobs


  • Cell structures for protection
  • Genetic control organelles
  • Manufacturing, storage, distribution, and breakdown organelles
  • Energy-processing organelles
  • Organelles for structural support and movement
• Plant cell


  Has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles. Animal cells do not have these.
• Cytoplasm


  Responsible for holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. Stores molecules required for cellular processes and gives the cell its shape.
• Nucleus


  Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.
• Nucleoli


  Small bodies often seen within the nucleus
• Organelles of the cell are divided into three groups

  • Endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles)
  • Energy houses (mitochondria and chloroplast)
  • Genetic control of the cell (nucleus and ribosomes)
• Nucleus


  Prominent, usually oval structure in a eukaryotic cell, located in almost the center of the cell
• Nucleoplasm


  Semifluid matrix
• Nuclear envelope


  Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• Nuclear pores


  Permit the passage of ribosomal subunits and mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes


  Organelles that use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to build proteins
• Types of ribosomes


  • Free ribosomes (found in the cytosol)
  • Bound ribosomes (attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope)
• Ribosomes


  Cell structures that make protein, which is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes
• Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

  • Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
  • Storage of absorbed or synthesized molecules
  • Transport of materials
  • Detoxification of drugs and toxins
• Types of endoplasmic reticulum

  • Rough ER (have thousands of ribosomes attached, main role is to produce proteins)
  • Smooth ER (does not have attached ribosomes, produces lipids)
• Golgi bodies


  Serve functions similar to a warehouse and processing center, processing products of the ER
• Lysosomes


  Composed of lipids and proteins, with a single membrane covering the internal enzymes to prevent the lysosome from digesting the cell itself. Breakdown/digest macromolecules, repair cell membranes, and respond against foreign substances.
• Peroxisomes


  Contain enzymes and serve as metabolic assistance to organelles, specializing in synthesizing & breaking down lipids
• Vacuoles


  Serve as a storage of water, organic nutrients, variety of salts, sugar & some weak acids
• Mitochondria


  Known as the "powerhouse of the cell", help turn the energy we take from food into energy that the cell can use
• Chloroplasts


  Unique to plant and algae cells, perform photosynthesis
• Differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts

  • Chloroplasts allow plants to capture the energy of the Sun in energy-rich molecules
  • Cell walls allow plants to have rigid structures
  • Vacuoles allow plant cells to change size
• Cytoskeleton


  Structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement
• Centrioles


  Paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope, play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system
• Key points about the cell

  • Eukaryotic cell houses DNA in a nucleus, with nuclear pores allowing exchange of materials
  • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids, rough ER synthesizes proteins
  • Golgi bodies work with ER to synthesize, store, transport, and release molecules
  • Lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are the digestion centers of the cell
  • Mitochondria house the cellular respiration, chloroplasts perform photosynthesis
• Prokaryotic cell


  Compared to a studio-type condominium unit due to lack of compartments, metabolically diverse as they can utilize different nutrients and energy sources and inhabit all types of environment
• Prokaryotes


  All bacteria that include the organisms of domains Archaea and Bacteria
• Eukaryotic cell


  Comparable to a mansion with several rooms or compartments, includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• Distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  • Presence of nucleus
  • Endomembrane and other organelles
  • Cell wall and cell membrane
  • Ribosome
• Nucleus


  Genetic material is enclosed in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotes
• Cell wall


  • Present in most eukaryotic cells (not found in animals and most protists), made of cellulose or chitin
  • Present in almost all prokaryotic cells, made of peptidoglycan
• Cell membrane


  • Eukaryotes have sterols like cholesterol, phytosterol, ergosterol
  • Prokaryotes have a sterol-like lipid component called hopanoid instead of sterols
• Endomembrane system


  Present in eukaryotic cells, includes ER, Golgi, lysosomes, endosomes, vacuoles. Not present in prokaryotic cells.
• Ribosomes


  • Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes (mitochondria, chloroplast have 70S)
  • Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes
• Prokaryotic cells


  Oldest type of cell, small and simple, evolve from prokaryotes
• Eukaryotic cells


  Larger and much more complex, contain nucleus and organelles, single celled or multicellular, multiple or linear chromosomes