Chemistry

• MATTER


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• MASS

  The amount of matter contained in an object
• VOLUME


  The amount of space occupied by matter
• STATES OF MATTER

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• SOLID

  • Compact
  • Definite shape and volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low temperature
• LIQUID

  • Compact to slightly spaced
  • Indefinite shape but definite volume
  • Incompressible
  • Usually have low to high temperature
• GAS


  • Spaced apart
  • Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
  • Compressible
  • Usually have high temperature
• CHEMISTRY is the study of matter - its composition, properties and the changes it undergoes
• PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  • Intensive properties
  • Extensive properties
• Intensive properties

  Properties that do NOT depend on the amount of matter in a substance
• Extensive properties


  Properties that depend on the amount of matter in a substance
• DENSITY

  Mass per unit volume
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY


  Ratio of the density of a sample and the density of a reference substance (usually water)
• APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY


  Ratio between the weights of equal volumes of a sample and water
• TRUE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

  Ratio between the weights in a vacuum of equal volumes of a sample and water
• Specific gravities can be used to determine whether a sample would float on another substance. If the SG of that sample is less than 1, it will float. For example, the SG of helium in air is 0.139
• CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

  • Pure substances
  • Mixtures
• PURE SUBSTANCES

  • Elements
  • Compounds
• ELEMENTS

  • Non-Metals
  • Metals
  • Metalloids
• Non-Metals

  The number of valence electrons is close to completing the octet rule; accepts electrons during ionic bonding; forms anions when ionized
• Metals

  The number of valence electrons is small; donates electrons during ionic bonding; forms cations when ionized
• Metalloids


  Can act as a metal or a non-metal depending on the conditions
• COMPOUNDS

  • Ionic
  • Covalent
  • Metallic
• Ionic compounds

  Components are a pair of anion group and a cation group; electrons are transferred from the cation to the anion
• Covalent compounds

  Components are both anion groups; electrons are shared within the bond
• Metallic compounds

  Components are both metals; electrons are stored in a "sea of electrons"
• MIXTURES

  • Homogenous
  • Heterogenous
• Homogenous mixtures


  Mixtures wherein only one phase is discernible; commonly called "solutions"
• Heterogenous mixtures


  Mixtures wherein two or more distinct phases are discernible
• TYPES OF COLLOIDS

  • Solid in Solid
  • Solid in Liquid
  • Liquid in Liquid
  • Liquid in Gas
  • Solid in Gas
  • Gas in Solid
  • Gas in Liquid
• Brownian Motion


  Movement of the particles in a substance
• Tyndall Effect

  Scattering of light as it passes through a colloid
• LESSON 2: ATOMS
• ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
• COMPONENTS OF AN ATOM

  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
• Protons

  Positively charged sub-atomic particle with a mass of 1.67 x 10-27 kg or 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
• Neutrons

  Neutral in charge and has a mass of 1.67 x 10-27 kg or 1 amu
• Electrons

  Negatively charged particles with a mass of 9.11 x 10-31 kg that is considered to be negligible
• Nucleus


  The center of the atom where protons and neutrons are found, and where the mass of the whole atom is concentrated
• Ions

  Atoms or molecules that are charged due to the unequal number of electrons and protons