Cell

• cell - the basic unit of life in all organisms that carry out all necessary life activities
• prokaryotic cell - cells without nucleus, membrane-bound organelles or other internal structures
• eukaryotic cell - cells with nucleus, membrane-bound organelles and other internal structures
• plasma membrane - outermost layer or outer envelope of the cell which separates it from its environment and regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
• nucleus - contains genetic material and is the control center of the cell
• nucleolus - where ribosomes are made and rRNA is synthesized
• ribosome - site of protein synthesis
• ribosome - it is either free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
• endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - network of flattened sacs that extends throughout the cytoplasm; involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
• Golgi apparatus - modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles for transport within the cell or outside the cell
• smooth ER - lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid metabolism
• rough ER - studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis
• mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell
• mitochondria - responsible for converting the energy from organic molecules into useful energy for the cell
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - is a molecule that stores energy in cells
• cristae - folds that inner mitochondrial membrane forms
• mitochondrion - has a unique oblong shape and a characteristic double membrane consisting of an inner and outer portion
• cristae - where most of the production of ATP is done
• lysosome - a membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes, which is used to break down old, worn out organelles, debris or large ingested particles
• lysosome - the cell's clean up crew; keep the cytoplasm clear of unwanted flotsam
• centriole - are small cylindrical structures made of microtubules; most active during cellular division; cannot be found in plant cells
• vacuole - fluid-filled sacs that store water, food wastes, salts or pigments
• perixisome - detoxify various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide; contain enzymes that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water
• cytoskeleton - a network of protein fibres that provide structure and support to the cell
• cytoskeleton - holds the cell together and keep its shape
• microtubules - made up of tubulin (protein); participate in cellular division and movement; integral parts of centrioles, cilia and flagella
• cilia and flagella - thread like structures best known for their locomotive properties in single-celled organisms
• cell wall - can only be found in plant cell; is a rigid layer outside the plasma membrane that provides support for the cell
• chloroplast - site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy from sunlight
• chlorophyll - green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy
• endocytosis - process of capturing a substance (too large) or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell
• cell metabolism - process by which individual cells process nutrient molecules
• catabolism - the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules to produce energy and reducing power
• anabolism - the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, and perform other biological functions (like respiration)
• light microscope - study stained or living cells; magnify up to 1000 times
• electron microscope - study detailed structure of a cell; magnify up to 250000 times but can only observe killed cells of specimen