Lesson 13

• Globalization


  Movements not only of goods, but of ideas as well
• Religion


  An idea that was moved through exchanges and colonization
• Universalizing Kingship inspired navigation of uncharted islands for prestige and honor
• Discovered islands like the Philippines were named after the monarch and owned by the "Conquistadores" as part of their goal to expand their territories
• The goal of expansionism and colonization is to spread their religious ideologies
• The period of "Panahon ng Krus at Espada" - "Krus" for converting locales to Christianity, "Espada" for the use of force in the conversion process
• Magellan arrived at Limasawa, where his missionaries conducted the first mass on Philippine soil


  March 1521
• The first recorded conversion in the Philippines took place when the King and Queen of Cebu and their subjects embraced the Catholic faith


  April 14, 1521
• Colonization led to the division between "OLD CULTURE" (barbaric, uncivilized) and "MODERN CULTURE" (new, acceptable)
• Old Culture


  The people from "old and traditional" societies were constructed as "OTHERS" by the colonizers, viewed as "savage other", "black other" and "oriental other" because their beliefs are different
• Modern Culture


  The people from the "modern culture" are those who believe in monotheism and Christianity
• Religion


  A system of beliefs and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred or divinity
• Religion (from Latin "religare")


  To bind together again that which was once bound but has since been torn apart or broken
• Emile Durkheim's views on modern societies

  • Shifted from Mechanical to Organic Solidarity, and from Collective Consciousness to Collective Representations, resulting in ANOMIE
  • Individuals feel more insecure as the life they once led is being contested and changed
• Functions of religion (Durkheim)

  Social Cohesion<|>Social Control<|>Meaning and Purpose
• Religion creates a bond that binds people living in the modern world
• Religion is influenced by the transmitted ideas of a globalized world
• Globalized religious elements

  • Incense in East Asian Buddhist, Taoist and Shinto ceremonies
  • Sto. Nino, a Christian artefact in the Philippines
  • Palaspas in commemoration of Jesus Christ's entry to Jerusalem
  • Anting-anting, part of the culture of ancient Philippines
  • Feng shui, originating in Chinese astronomy
  • Altars used by ancient Celts for sacrifices
• Globalization has led to massive social changes, and religion is not immune from these changes
• Globalization of religion


  • A Roman Catholic Filipino believing in anting-anting, kulam, "na-nuno", "na-engkanto", aswang, karma, lucky charms, feng sui, reincarnation, etc.
  • OFWs bringing their religious beliefs and practices, then establishing their religious organizations in different parts of the world
  • Yoga being practiced while forgetting its religious ties
• Glocalization of religion


  The interaction of local and elite (dominant) religions in the globalized world, resulting in the adaptation of global religions to local contexts
• Glocalization of religion

  • Mcdonaldization - global brand but localized menu
  • Roman Catholicism in the Philippines - Filipinos incorporate other religions to their Catholic faith
• Homogenization of religion


  The popularization and diffusion of religious symbols to reduce religious diversity, leading to the assimilation of minority religions into the mainstream
• Homogenization of religion


  • Animismo sa Timog Silangang Asya becoming almost obsolete due to the presence of more popular religions like Buddhism, Islam and Catholicism
• Pluralization of religion


  The existence and practice of more than one form of religion simultaneously, as a reactive process to homogenization and hegemonization
• Pluralization of religion


  • Roman Catholicism in the Philippines is different from Roman Catholicism in other countries, though they are both Catholic
• Commodification of religion


  Globalized religious rituals being stripped of their authentic meaning and significance, and sold in the market
• Commodification of religion


  • Yoga being adopted in the West and stripped of its spiritual significance, developed merely as a meditation technique
  • Products related to Pastafarianism, Flat Earthers, and Scientology being commodified
  • Local gods and goddesses finding new homes in malls and multiplexes
• Yoga practices have been widely adopted in the West where the practice is stripped of its spiritual significance and developed merely as a meditation technique

  1900BC
• New rituals and new gods

  Being invented in the market where spiritualism is mixed with capitalism and consumerism
• Local gods and goddesses

  Finding new homes in malls and multiplexes
• In the Philippines, churches

  • Often found in areas that are more "masa" like in Baclaran or Quiapo
  • Now, churches and chapels are being erected in shopping malls like those in Greenbelt and Greenhills
• Globalization brings a culture of pluralism


  • Religions with overlapping but distinctive ethics and interests interact with one another
  • The world's leading religious traditions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—teach values such as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, and solidarity
• Globalization engenders greater religious tolerance


  In such areas as politics, economics, and society
• Globalization has built global political forums

  • That integrate religious differences when discussing issues such as international peace and security, health issues, poverty, and environment
• Globalization disembeds religions


  • From their historic homelands and scatters them around the world
• Migration and religion


  1. When people move across the borders, they also carry with themselves their ideas, values, and belief systems

  2. Globalization may create multifarious local identities so much so that diversity is seen in local spaces
• Missionary work


  Became strong in many developing countries due to globalization
• Globalization allows the religious to fulfill their goal of spreading their beliefs to people all over the world
• Technological advancements benefited religion


  • Improvements in transportation contributed to the emergence, revivalism, and fortification of religion
  • Digital technology allows religious ideas to be communicated through websites and video streaming
  • Websites provide information and explanations about different religions
  • Television allows for religious channels that provide visual religious teachings and practices
  • Technology brings religious teachings into every home in a global setting