ISOCSEA/Science 10 Reviewer

• Lithosphere


  100 kilometer thick layer of solid rock including the crust
• Asthenosphere


  Upper mantle beneath the lithosphere, solid but softer due to high pressure and temperature
• Convection in the asthenosphere


  Forms the foundation of plate tectonics
• Seven large plates


  • African
  • Antarctic
  • Eurasian
  • North American
  • South American
  • Indian
  • Australian
  • Pacific
• Earthquake distribution


  • Concentrated in narrow zones near edges of continents, mid-continents, and oceans
• Volcano distribution


  • Majority found along edges of some continents, particularly western coast of North and South America, East and Southeast Asia
• Mountain range distribution


  • Himalayas, Cordillera Central in the Philippines, Sierra Madre in the Philippines
• Plate movements


  Result in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation
• Philippines is situated in the Ring of Fire, a geologically active area with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
• Plate tectonics can explain the presence of geologic features like volcanoes and mountains in the Philippines
• Plate tectonics


  • Explains the locations of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountains
• Central nervous system (CNS)


  Consists of the brain and spinal cord, serves as the main processing center
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)


  Connects the CNS to the rest of the body, divided into somatic and autonomic systems
• Neuron


  Basic unit of the nervous system, contains cell body, dendrites, and axon
• Nerve impulses


  Travel along neurons through electrical and chemical signals
• Senses


  Detect stimuli in the environment and send messages to the brain to elicit responses
• The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into eons, eras, periods and epochs based on major geological or biological events
• Environmental science 1.What is environmental science and components of envir...
• To study Earth's magnetic field using a compass, natal bar magnet wire plotti...
• Plate tectonics


  Theory that describes the events within the Earth that give rise to mountain ranges, volcanoes, earthquake belts, and other features of the Earth's surface
• Earth's lithosphere


  • Consists of layers, the crust and the upper part of the mantle
  • Crust is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous
  • Crust has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km
  • Crust is thickest in a part where a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along the ocean floor
• Continental crust


  Thicker but less dense
• Oceanic crust


  Relatively thinner but denser than continental crust
• Entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called plates
• Plate tectonics


  Theory of moving lithospheric plates
• Locating earthquake epicenter


  1. Triangulation method

  2. Draw circles around each seismic station with radii scaled to the estimated distance from the station to the earthquake

  3. The three circles will intersect at one point that locates the earthquake
• Epicenter


  The intersection point of the three circles drawn on the map
• Distance-time graph


  Used by seismologists to determine the location of the epicenter when the earthquake took place at a far greater distance
• Determining the location of earthquake epicenters plays a vital role in laying the foundations of plate tectonics
• The places on Earth where most of the earthquakes originated or some mountains and volcanoes were formed mark the boundaries of each lithospheric plate
• Each plate is slowly moving relative to each other, causing geologic events to happen along their boundaries
• Divergent boundary


  Plates move apart, creating a zone of tension
• Convergent plate boundary


  Plates collide
• Transform fault boundary


  Plates slide or grind past each other without diverging or converging
• Molten material


  Magma
• Since the mantle is hotter than the crust, the subducted crust melts forming magma
• Addition of volatile material such as water will cause the magma to become less dense, hence allowing it to rise and reach the crust once again and causing volcanic activities on the continental leading plate
• Trench


  Deepest part of the ocean, formed when oceanic crust subducts
• The subduction of plate can cause earthquakes at varying depths
• Most parts of the world experience occasional shallow earthquakes, intermediate earthquakes, and deep earthquakes