Lecture

• Self-recognition can be measured by observing how an animal interacts with a reflection of themselves. This is called mirror technique research
• Mirror technique research: a mark is added to a lil jit. If that jit touches the mark when shown a mirror, they got a sense of self. If they touch the mirror, they stupid as hell still
• Individual differences when it comes to the mirror technique test can be due to: cultural differences such as individualistic or collectivistic perspectives. Interestingly, actually seeing a mirror multiple times doesn't really matter
• The body obstacle task uses a blanket and an object to measure whether jits know that they have a tangible effect on the world
• Advanced emotions also requried a sense of self
• Self-concept: words that describe how we see ourselves; different from self-recognition
• Self-concept in childhood starts by relying on long lasting and observable features. They are also unrealistically positive in their description
• Later on in childhood, jits start doing social comparison to practice self-concept
• In adolescence, there's more abstract self-descriptions. There's also adolescent egocentrism, in which jits are highly self concious and are tryna figure out whether they're gonna be lebron or lebum. Additionally, there's an increased ability to distinguish between actual and ideal selves
• Identity formation in adolescence consists of these 4 identity concepts: diffusion(haven't thought about it yet), foreclosure(committed to an identity w/o exploring options), moratorium(process of figuring it out) and achievement(integrated various aspects of self into coherent whole).
• In adolescence, jits starting noticing inconsistencies in their identity; like how they might around their parents vs their dawgs
• Morally mature people tend to look like: someone who is caring and fair. The balance of importance for other traits(loyalty, authority and purity) are influenced by culture, upbringing and political ideology.
• Piaget's cognitive approach to morality: give a child a scenario and then ask why the decision made was right or wrong; called Piaget's model of moral development
• Kohlberg's model of moral development was detailed and broader than Piaget's. It also included moral development past childhood.
• Piaget's stages of development: 1. Premoral(before 4 years): no moral sensibilities 2. Heteronomous Morality(5 to 10 years): rules are unchangeable, and focuses on consequences not intent(imminent justice) 3. Autonomous Morality(10 +): rules are social constructs that can be changed, judgement depends on intent and punishments should fit the crime
• Kohlberg's theory of moral development is described by these 3 levels: pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional. Each level has 2 stages
• Pre-conventional: Emphasis placed on rewards and punishments. Doesn't focus on justice is imminent unlike Piaget's perspective.
• Conventional morality is looking at the reference group for guidance and looking at social norms. "you should follow rules, not because of the fear of punishment but because of the importance of them"
• Post-conventional morality: focuses on how rules are not enough to dictate what's righteous or human rights.
• Toddlers are able to consider moral intention as demonstrated by the experiment in which babies were teased about not having a toy or they were almost given a toy but it drops before getting to them
• Social development for infants Helping develops around the first birthday and sharing comes around the second birthday.
• Socialization model: Children are taught social norms for altruism; toddlers help strangers more when their parents emphasize relational goals and caregivers talk to them about emotions on a regular basis increasing emotional intelligence
• Biological predisposition model: innate tendency for altruism that is refined by socialism
• Kin-selected altruism: Good for genes even though the individual itself may die.
• Reciprocal altruism: A form of altruism in which one person benefits from the actions of another at a later time
• Children by the age of 5 understand reciprocity
• Delayed gratification: The ability to delay immediate gratification for a more satisfying reward in the future.
• The marshmallow test is a study that investigates the role of self-control in delaying gratification